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| Preprint | PUBDB-2024-05024 |
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2024
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Please use a persistent id in citations: doi:10.3204/PUBDB-2024-05024
Report No.: DESY-24-102; arXiv:2407.11115
Abstract: Q-balls are non-topological solitons in field theories whose stability is typically guaranteed by the existence of a global conserved charge. A classic realization is the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin (FLS) Q-ball in a two-scalar system where a real scalar $\chi$ triggers the symmetry breaking and confining a complex scalar $\Phi$ with a global $U(1)$ symmetry. A quartic interaction $\kappa \chi^2|\Phi|^2$ with $\kappa>0$ is usually considered to produce a nontrivial Q-ball configuration, and this repulsive force contributes to its stability. On the other hand, the attractive cubic interaction $\Lambda \chi |\Phi|^2$ is generally allowed in a renormalizable theory and could induce an instability. In this paper, we study the behavior of the Q-ball under the influence of this attractive force which has been overlooked. We find approximate Q-ball solutions in the limit of weak and moderate force couplings using the thin-wall and thick-wall approximations respectively. Our analytical results are consistent with numerical simulations and predict the parameter dependencies of the maximum charge. A crucial difference with the ordinary FLS Q-ball is the existence of the maximum charge beyond which the Q-ball solution is classically unstable. Such a limitation of the charge fundamentally affects Q-ball formation in the early Universe and could plausibly lead to the formation of primordial black holes.
Keyword(s): Q-ball, formation ; black hole, primordial ; charge, conservation law ; stability ; soliton ; trigger ; U(1) ; confinement ; symmetry breaking ; renormalizable ; numerical calculations
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Journal Article
Q-balls in the presence of attractive force
Journal of high energy physics 2024(8), 242 (2024) [10.1007/JHEP08(2024)242]
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