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@ARTICLE{Sarma:636468,
      author       = {Sarma, Bidyut Bikash and Grunwaldt, Jan-Dierk},
      title        = {{O}perando {S}pectroscopy to {U}nderstand {D}ynamic
                      {S}tructural {C}hanges of {S}olid {C}atalysts},
      journal      = {Chimia},
      volume       = {78},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0009-4293},
      address      = {Bern},
      publisher    = {SCS},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-03682},
      pages        = {288 - 296},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Solid materials like heterogeneous catalysts are highly
                      dynamic and continuously tend to change when exposed to the
                      reaction environment. To understand the catalyst system
                      under true reaction conditions,operando spectroscopy is the
                      key to unravel small changes, which can ultimately lead to a
                      significant difference in catalytic activity and
                      selectivity. This was also the topic of the 7th
                      International Congress on Operando Spectroscopy in
                      Switzerland in 2023. In this article, we discuss various
                      examples to introduce and demonstrate the importance of this
                      area, including examples from emission control for clean air
                      (e.g. CO oxidation), oxidation catalysis in the chemical
                      industry (e.g. oxidation of isobutene), future power-to-X
                      processes (electrocatalysis, CO$_2$ hydrogenation to
                      methanol), and non-oxidative conversion of methane. All of
                      these processes are equally relevant to the chemical
                      industry. Complementary operando techniques such as X-ray
                      absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
                      diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
                      (DRIFTS), and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to derive the
                      ultimate structure of the catalyst. The variety of
                      conditions requires distinctly different operando cells that
                      can reach a temperature range of 400–1000 °C and
                      pressures up to 40 bar. The best compromise for both the
                      spectroscopy and the catalytic reaction is needed. As an
                      outlook, we highlight emerging methods such as
                      modulation-excitation spectroscopy (MES) or quick-extended
                      X-ray absorption fine structure (QEXAFS) and X-ray photon
                      in/out techniques, which can provide better sensitivity or
                      extend X-ray based operando studies.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)460248799 - DAPHNE4NFDI - DAten aus PHoton- und
                      Neutronen Experimenten für NFDI (460248799) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)426888090 - SFB 1441: Verfolgung der aktiven
                      Zentren in heterogenen Katalysatoren für die
                      Emissionskontrolle (TrackAct) (426888090)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(GEPRIS)460248799 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)426888090},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P65-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.2533/chimia.2024.288},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/636468},
}