000625324 001__ 625324 000625324 005__ 20250715151505.0 000625324 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1021/acsnano.4c10525 000625324 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1936-0851 000625324 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1936-086X 000625324 0247_ $$2datacite_doi$$a10.3204/PUBDB-2025-01098 000625324 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:175079032 000625324 0247_ $$2pmid$$apmid:40063703 000625324 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:001446202200001 000625324 0247_ $$2openalex$$aopenalex:W4408280255 000625324 037__ $$aPUBDB-2025-01098 000625324 041__ $$aEnglish 000625324 082__ $$a540 000625324 1001_ $$aAhmed, Abdullah A. A.$$b0 000625324 245__ $$aInterfacing with the Brain: How Nanotechnology Can Contribute 000625324 260__ $$aWashington, DC$$bSoc.$$c2025 000625324 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000625324 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000625324 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1743155798_731525 000625324 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000625324 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000625324 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000625324 500__ $$aR.G. received financial support by the German Research Council (DFG, grant RE 1203/38-1. SIREN) 000625324 520__ $$aInterfacing artificial devices with the human brain is the central goal of neurotechnology. Yet, our imaginations are often limited by currently available paradigms and technologies. Suggestions for brain–machine interfaces have changed over time, along with the available technology. Mechanical levers and cable winches were used to move parts of the brain during the mechanical age. Sophisticated electronic wiring and remote control have arisen during the electronic age, ultimately leading to plug-and-play computer interfaces. Nonetheless, our brains are so complex that these visions, until recently, largely remained unreachable dreams. The general problem, thus far, is that most of our technology is mechanically and/or electrically engineered, whereas the brain is a living, dynamic entity. As a result, these worlds are difficult to interface with one another. Nanotechnology, which encompasses engineered solid-state objects and integrated circuits, excels at small length scales of single to a few hundred nanometers and, thus, matches the sizes of biomolecules, biomolecular assemblies, and parts of cells. Consequently, we envision nanomaterials and nanotools as opportunities to interface with the brain in alternative ways. Here, we review the existing literature on the use of nanotechnology in brain–machine interfaces and look forward in discussing perspectives and limitations based on the authors’ expertise across a range of complementary disciplines─from neuroscience, engineering, physics, and chemistry to biology and medicine, computer science and mathematics, and social science and jurisprudence. 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