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@ARTICLE{ye:614367,
      author       = {ye, jihui and Semjatov, Nick and Bidola, Pidassa and
                      Lindwall, Greta and Koerner, Carolin},
      title        = {{R}evealing the {M}echanisms of {S}moke during {E}lectron
                      {B}eam–{P}owder {B}ed {F}usion by {H}igh-{S}peed
                      {S}ynchrotron {R}adiography},
      journal      = {Journal of manufacturing and materials processing},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2504-4494},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-05845},
      pages        = {103},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {The financial support provided by the German Research
                      Foundation (DFG) for the project(FU 1283/2-1) is gratefully
                      acknowledged},
      abstract     = {Electron beam–powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) is an additive
                      manufacturing process that utilizes an electron beam as the
                      heat source to enable material fusion. However, the use of a
                      charge-carrying heat source can sometimes result in sudden
                      powder explosions, usually referred to as “Smoke”, which
                      can lead to process instability or termination. This
                      experimental study investigated the initiation and
                      propagation of Smoke using in situ high-speed synchrotron
                      radiography. The results reveal two key mechanisms for Smoke
                      evolution. In the first step, the beam–powder bed
                      interaction creates electrically isolated particles in the
                      atmosphere. Subsequently, these isolated particles get
                      charged either by direct irradiation by the beam or
                      indirectly by back-scattered electrons. These particles are
                      accelerated by electric repulsion, and new particles in the
                      atmosphere are produced when they impinge on the powder bed.
                      This is the onset of the avalanche process known as Smoke.
                      Based on this understanding, the dependence of Smoke on
                      process parameters such as beam returning time, beam
                      diameter, etc., can be rationalized.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon},
      ddc          = {650},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / FS-Proposal:
                      II-20220735 EC (II-20220735-EC)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(DE-H253)II-20220735-EC},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P61.1-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001256568400001},
      doi          = {10.3390/jmmp8030103},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/614367},
}