TY  - JOUR
AU  - ye, jihui
AU  - Semjatov, Nick
AU  - Bidola, Pidassa
AU  - Lindwall, Greta
AU  - Koerner, Carolin
TI  - Revealing the Mechanisms of Smoke during Electron Beam–Powder Bed Fusion by High-Speed Synchrotron Radiography
JO  - Journal of manufacturing and materials processing
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
SN  - 2504-4494
CY  - Basel
PB  - MDPI
M1  - PUBDB-2024-05845
SP  - 103
PY  - 2024
N1  - The financial support provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG) for the project(FU 1283/2-1) is gratefully acknowledged
AB  - Electron beam–powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) is an additive manufacturing process that utilizes an electron beam as the heat source to enable material fusion. However, the use of a charge-carrying heat source can sometimes result in sudden powder explosions, usually referred to as “Smoke”, which can lead to process instability or termination. This experimental study investigated the initiation and propagation of Smoke using in situ high-speed synchrotron radiography. The results reveal two key mechanisms for Smoke evolution. In the first step, the beam–powder bed interaction creates electrically isolated particles in the atmosphere. Subsequently, these isolated particles get charged either by direct irradiation by the beam or indirectly by back-scattered electrons. These particles are accelerated by electric repulsion, and new particles in the atmosphere are produced when they impinge on the powder bed. This is the onset of the avalanche process known as Smoke. Based on this understanding, the dependence of Smoke on process parameters such as beam returning time, beam diameter, etc., can be rationalized.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:001256568400001
DO  - DOI:10.3390/jmmp8030103
UR  - https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/614367
ER  -