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@ARTICLE{Engel:453962,
      author       = {Engel, Robin and Ekimova, Maria and Miedema, Piter and
                      Kleine, Carlo and Ludwig, Jan and Ochmann, Miguel and
                      Grimm-Lebsanft, Benjamin and Ma, Rory and Teubner, Melissa
                      and Dziarzhytski, Siarhei and Brenner, Guenter and
                      Czwalinna, Marie Kristin and Roesner, Benedikt and Kim, Tae
                      Kyu and David, Christian and Herres-Pawlis, Sonja and
                      Rübhausen, Michael and Nibbering, Erik T. J. and Huse, Nils
                      and Beye, Martin},
      title        = {{S}hot noise limited soft {X}-ray absorption spectroscopy
                      in solution at a {SASE}-{FEL} using a transmission grating
                      beam splitter},
      journal      = {Structural dynamics},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2329-7778},
      address      = {Melville, NY},
      publisher    = {AIP Publishing LLC},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-00319},
      pages        = {014303 (1-7)},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
                      provides element specificity and is a powerful experimental
                      method to probe local unoccupied electronic structures. In
                      the soft x-ray regime, it is especially well suited for the
                      study of 3d-metals and light elements such as nitrogen.
                      Recent developments in vacuum-compatible liquid flat jets
                      have facilitated soft x-ray transmission spectroscopy on
                      molecules in solution, providing information on valence
                      charge distributions of hetero atoms and metal centers.
                      Here, we demonstrate XANES spectroscopy of molecules in
                      solution at the nitrogen K-edge, performed at FLASH, the
                      Free-Electron Laser (FEL) in Hamburg. A split-beam
                      referencing scheme optimally characterizes the strong
                      shot-to-shot fluctuations intrinsic to the process of
                      self-amplified spontaneous emission on which most FELs are
                      based. Due to this normalization, a sensitivity of $1\%$
                      relative transmission change is achieved, limited by
                      fundamental photon shot noise. The effective FEL bandwidth
                      is increased by streaking the electron energy over the FEL
                      pulse train to measure a wider spectral window without
                      changing FEL parameters. We propose modifications to the
                      experimental setup with the potential of improving the
                      instrument sensitivity by two orders of magnitude, thereby
                      exploiting the high peak fluence of FELs to enable
                      unprecedented sensitivity for femtosecond XANES spectroscopy
                      on liquids in the soft x-ray spectral region.},
      cin          = {FS-FLASH / UNI-INF / PSI / FS-FLASH-B / MSK / DOOR ;
                      HAS-User},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-FLASH-20140814 / I:(DE-H253)UNI-INF-20151110
                      / I:(DE-H253)PSI-20200229 / I:(DE-H253)FS-FLASH-B-20160930 /
                      I:(DE-H253)MSK-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {6G2 - FLASH (DESY) (POF4-6G2) / 631 - Matter – Dynamics,
                      Mechanisms and Control (POF4-631) / VH-NG-1105 - Novel soft
                      X-ray spectroscopies for materials science
                      $(2016_IVF-VH-NG-1105)$ / XRayProton - Ultrafast Structural
                      Dynamics of Elementary Water-Mediated Proton Transport
                      Processes (788704) / DFG project 170620586 - SFB 925:
                      Licht-induzierte Dynamik und Kontrolle korrelierter
                      Quantensysteme (170620586)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G2 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-631 /
                      $G:(DE-HGF)2016_IVF-VH-NG-1105$ / G:(EU-Grant)788704 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)170620586},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)F-PG2-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33564694},
      UT           = {WOS:000629733800001},
      doi          = {10.1063/4.0000049},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/453962},
}