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@ARTICLE{Duarte:452445,
      author       = {Duarte, Valdemar R. and Rodrigues, Tiago A. and Schell, N.
                      and Miranda, R. M. and Oliveira, J. P. and Santos, Telmo G.},
      title        = {{H}ot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing
                      ({HF}-{WAAM})},
      journal      = {Additive manufacturing},
      volume       = {35},
      issn         = {2214-8604},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2020-04680},
      pages        = {101193},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {In this study, we propose a new variant of wire and arc
                      additive manufacturing (WAAM) based on hot forging. During
                      WAAM, the material is locally forged immediately after
                      deposition, and in-situ viscoplastic deformation occurs at
                      high temperatures. In the subsequent layer deposition,
                      recrystallization of the previous solidification structure
                      occurs that refines the microstructure. Because of its
                      similarity with hot forging, this variant was named hot
                      forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM). A
                      customized WAAM torch was developed, manufactured, and
                      tested in the production of samples of AISI316L stainless
                      steel. Forging forces of 17 N and 55 N were applied to
                      plastically deform the material. The results showed that
                      this new variant refines the solidification microstructure
                      and reduce texture effects, as determined via high energy
                      synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments, without
                      interrupting the additive manufacturing process. Mechanical
                      characterization was performed and improvements on both
                      yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved.
                      Furthermore, it was observed that HF-WAAM significantly
                      affects porosity; pores formed during the process were
                      closed by the hot forging process. Because deformation
                      occurs at high temperatures, the forces involved are small,
                      and the WAAM equipment does not have specific requirements
                      with respect to stiffness, thereby allowing the
                      incorporation of this new variant into conventional moving
                      equipment such as multi-axis robots or 3-axis table used in
                      WAAM.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / HZG},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)HZG-20120731},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (POF3-622) / CALIPSOplus - Convenient
                      Access to Light Sources Open to Innovation, Science and to
                      the World (730872)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G3 / G:(EU-Grant)730872},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P07-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000576649700005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.addma.2020.101193},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/452445},
}