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@INPROCEEDINGS{Freudenberg:292334,
      author       = {Freudenberg, Mechtild and Glaser, Leif},
      title        = {{T}he {P}roduction of {A}xes in the late {N}eolithic and
                      early {B}ronze {A}ge – {A}nalyses based on
                      {A}rchaeological {E}xperiments and {S}ynchrotron {R}adiation
                      {A}nalysis},
      school       = {University of Gothenburg},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2015-06021},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The Production of Axes in the late Neolithic and early
                      Bronze Age – Analyses based on Archaeological Experiments
                      and Synchrotron Radiation Analysis In 2010 a research
                      project of the Archäologische Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf
                      in Schleswig in cooperation with the Deutsche
                      Elektronen-Synchrotron in Hamburg (DESY) was started to
                      analyse late Neolithic and early Bronze Age axes to find out
                      how the axes were cast, finished and used. We made some
                      copper and bronze axe replicas trying to understand the
                      historic casting of the objects. Additionally with the use
                      of replicated stone tools for metalworking we tried to
                      reproduce the tool marks found on the original objects.
                      After the replicates matched the original objects visually,
                      we chose a set of synchrotron based methods for first
                      experiments to investigate in a non-destructive way
                      replicated and original axes alike. Comparing the replicates
                      with the originals we could answers most open questions as:
                      How the surface of the original pieces had been smoothed
                      after casting? Had the edges or the entire axes been
                      hardened by hammering? If the chemistry of all objects is
                      constant throughout the objects body? By learning from the
                      results of the measurements we could enhance the quality of
                      our replicates significantly and could identify nearly 2
                      century old forgeries from the stock of the museum Schloss
                      Gottorf. Measurements were done using high energy
                      diffraction in transmission for structural information,
                      X-ray diffraction at lower energies in reflection for
                      surface analysis and X-ray fluorescence in reflection to
                      gather information of the surface chemistry. The experiments
                      were performed at the DORIS III Beamlines L, G3 and HARWI
                      and the PETRA III HEMS Beamline P07 at the Deutsches
                      Elektronen-Synchrotron in Hamburg.One of our partners is a
                      museum therefore our focus was set on non-destructive
                      methods and experiments. With storage ring X-ray diffraction
                      we analysed the structure of ancient and replicated axes to
                      understand the technical production process of the
                      individual object. The experiments helped us to understand
                      how many people were needed in this process of casting
                      without bellows. Which qualifications should they have and
                      what kind of technical equipment was necessary. We used a
                      simple open fireplace and a set of replicated stone tools
                      for metalworking to harden the edges and finish the surface.
                      Traces of the tools used in the experiment allowed
                      understanding how the craftsmen worked and how they
                      disguised faults in their work. In the end all this even
                      helped to discover a faked 19th century hoard find.},
      month         = {Jun},
      date          = {2015-06-09},
      organization  = {13 th Nordic Bronze Age Symposion,
                       Gothenburg (Sweden), 9 Jun 2015 - 12
                       Jun 2015},
      subtyp        = {Invited},
      cin          = {DOOR / FS-SCS},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)FS-SCS-20131031},
      pnm          = {6213 - Materials and Processes for Energy and Transport
                      Technologies (POF3-621) / 6G3 - PETRA III (POF3-622)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G3},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)D-G3-20150101 / EXP:(DE-H253)D-W2-20150101 /
                      EXP:(DE-H253)D-L-20150101 / EXP:(DE-H253)D-BW5-20150101 /
                      EXP:(DE-H253)P-P07-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/292334},
}