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000275862 1001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1013871$$aGalli, Lorenzo$$b0
000275862 245__ $$aTowards phasing using high X-ray intensity
000275862 260__ $$aChester$$bInternational Union of Crystallography (IUCr)$$c2015
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000275862 520__ $$aX-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) show great promise for macromolecular structure determination from sub-micrometre-sized crystals, using the emerging method of serial femtosecond crystallography. The extreme brightness of the XFEL radiation can multiply ionize most, if not all, atoms in a protein, causing their scattering factors to change during the pulse, with a preferential ‘bleaching’ of heavy atoms. This paper investigates the effects of electronic damage on experimental data collected from a Gd derivative of lysozyme microcrystals at different X-ray intensities, and the degree of ionization of Gd atoms is quantified from phased difference Fourier maps. A pattern sorting scheme isproposed to maximize the ionization contrast and the way in which the local electronic damage can be used for a new experimental phasing method is discussed.
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000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1012452$$aSon, Sang-Kil$$b1
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBarends, Thomas R. M.$$b2
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1010779$$aWhite, Thomas$$b3
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1008245$$aBarty, Anton$$b4
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1018848$$aBotha, Sabine$$b5
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1009086$$aBoutet, Sébastien$$b6
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1011740$$aCaleman, Carl$$b7
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1008250$$aDoak, R. Bruce$$b8
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNanao, Max H.$$b9
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1009197$$aNass, Karol$$b10
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aShoeman, Robert L.$$b11
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1008264$$aTimneanu, Nicusor$$b12
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1012203$$aSantra, Robin$$b13
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1008260$$aSchlichting, Ilme$$b14
000275862 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1006324$$aChapman, Henry N.$$b15$$eCorresponding author
000275862 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2754953-7$$a10.1107/S2052252515014049$$gVol. 2, no. 6$$n6$$p1-8$$tIUCrJ$$v2$$x2052-2525$$y2015
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