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@ARTICLE{Krauss:93861,
      author       = {Krauss, S. and Fratzl, P. and Seto, J. and Currey, J. D.
                      and Estevez, J. A. and Funari, S. S. and Gupta, H. S. and
                      DESY},
      title        = {{I}nhomogeneous fibril stretching in antler starts after
                      macroscopic yielding: {I}ndication for a nanoscale
                      toughening mechanism},
      journal      = {Bone},
      volume       = {44},
      issn         = {8756-3282},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {PHPPUBDB-11774},
      pages        = {1105-1110},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {© Published by Elsevier Inc.; Post referee fulltext in
                      progress 2; Embargo 12 months from publication},
      abstract     = {Antler is a unique mineralized tissue, with extraordinary
                      toughness as well as an ability to annually regenerate
                      itself in its entirety. The high fracture resistance enables
                      it to fulfill its biological function as a weapon and
                      defensive guard during combats between deer stags in the
                      rutting season. However, very little is quantitatively
                      understood about the structural origin of the antler's high
                      toughness. We used a unique combination of time-resolved
                      synchrotron small angle X-ray diffraction together with
                      tensile testing of antler cortical tissue under
                      physiologically wet conditions. We measured the deformation
                      at the nanoscale from changes in the meridional diffraction
                      pattern during macroscopic stretch-to-failure tests. Our
                      results show that on average fibrils are strained only half
                      as much as the whole tissue and the fibril strain increases
                      linearly with tissue strain, both during elastic and
                      inelastic deformation. Most remarkably, following
                      macroscopic yielding we observe a straining of some fibrils
                      equal to the macroscopic tissue strain while others are
                      hardly stretched at all, indicating an inhomogeneous
                      fibrillar strain pattern at the nanoscale. This behavior is
                      unlike what occurs in plexiform bovine bone and may explain
                      the extreme toughness of antler compared to normal bone.},
      keywords     = {Animals / Antlers: physiology / Biomechanics / Bone and
                      Bones: physiology / Deer / Scattering, Small Angle / Stress,
                      Mechanical / Tensile Strength: physiology / X-Ray
                      Diffraction},
      cin          = {HASYLAB(-2012)},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)HASYLAB_-2012_-20130307$},
      pnm          = {DORIS Beamline A2 (POF1-550)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-H253)POF1-A2-20130405},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)D-A2-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:19236962},
      UT           = {WOS:000266347700012},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.009},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/93861},
}