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@ARTICLE{Gocnik:645084,
      author       = {Gocnik, Marek and Hatzenbichler, Lukas and Meindlhumer,
                      Michael and Haslberger, Phillip and Galler, Matthew and
                      Stark, Andreas and Olsson, Claes-Olof A. and Keckes, Jozef
                      and Schnitzer, Ronald},
      title        = {{I}nfluence of {T}ramp {E}lements on {P}hase
                      {T}ransformations, {M}icrostructure and {H}ardness of a 0.3
                      $wt.\%{C}$ {L}ow-{A}lloyed {S}teel},
      journal      = {Metals},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {2075-4701},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2026-00589},
      pages        = {1053},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Decarbonizing the steel industry relies on a transition
                      from carbon-intensive blast furnacetechnology to scrap-based
                      secondary steelmaking using electric arc furnaces.
                      Thistransition introduces tramp elements and leads to their
                      gradual accumulation, which cansignificantly influence the
                      functional properties of chemically sensitive steel grades.
                      Inthis study, the combined impact of several tramp element
                      contents on the phase transformations,microstructure and
                      mechanical properties of a 0.3 $wt.\%$ C low-alloyed steel
                      wasinvestigated. To achieve this, a reference alloy was
                      produced using the conventional blastfurnace production
                      route. It was then compared with two trial alloys, which
                      containedintentionally elevated levels of tramp elements and
                      were produced through an experimentalmelting route designed
                      to simulate scrap-based electric arc furnace production.The
                      experimental characterization included light optical and
                      electron microscopy, electronback-scatter diffraction, in
                      situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled
                      withdilatometry, and Vickers hardness testing. The results
                      revealed the formation of displacivetransformation products
                      such as martensite and showed that austenite was retained in
                      thetramp element-enriched trial alloys. The combination of
                      solid solution strengthening andmartensitic transformation
                      led to a gradual increase in hardness. These findings
                      underscorethe critical role of tramp elements in determining
                      the microstructural and mechanicalresponse of steels
                      produced from scrap-based feedstock.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P07-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.3390/met15091053},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/645084},
}