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@ARTICLE{Ofner:645078,
      author       = {Ofner, Nicole and Meindlhumer, Michael and Kunnas, Peter
                      and Asci, Atacan and Gocnik, Marek and Stark, Andreas and
                      Höbenreich, Philipp and Aumayr, Christin and Wu, Liang and
                      Turk, Christoph and Keckes, Jozef and Bodner, Sabine Carmen},
      title        = {{I}n situ characterization of phase and microstructural
                      evolution during multi-step heat treatment of an additively
                      manufactured tool steel},
      journal      = {Journal of materials research and technology},
      volume       = {37},
      issn         = {2238-7854},
      address      = {Rio de Janeiro},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2026-00583},
      pages        = {2528 - 2538},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {mechanicalproperties, usually involving complex, multi-step
                      heat treatment procedures. This study investigates
                      themicrostructural evolution and its impact on mechanical
                      properties of an AM tool steel through successive
                      heattreatment steps, including the as-built, spheroidized,
                      quenched, sub-zero treated, and three repeated
                      temperedconditions. For the first time, the dynamic
                      mechanisms of phase transformation and carbide evolution
                      duringheat treatment of an AM tool steel are systematically
                      revealed through the combined application of in
                      situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction and multi-scale
                      characterization techniques. (Cr,Mo,Mn,V)23C6 carbide
                      precipitationwas revealed alongside (retained) austenite,
                      martensite and δ-ferrite, with the phase contents varying
                      acrossthe individual heat treatment steps. A strong
                      correlation between (retained) austenite, (tempered)
                      martensite andVickers hardness was observed, with a final
                      Vickers hardness of 577 ± 5 HV10 in the fully heat-treated
                      condition.Furthermore, the as-built microstructure strongly
                      influenced the subsequent thermal processing behavior
                      asindicated by the stability of δ-ferrite throughout heat
                      treatment, originating from austenite by-passing during
                      LBPBF,and the early formation of M23C6 carbides during
                      spheroidizing, driven by Cr segregation resulting from
                      theLB-PBF process. Therefore, this study highlights the
                      influence of AM microstructures on heat treatment
                      responsesand offers new insights into carbide formation and
                      phase transformations of AM tool steels. The
                      findingsemphasize the critical role of post-printing heat
                      treatments in tailoring the microstructural and
                      mechanicalproperties of tool steels, thus advancing the
                      understanding of specific heat treatment strategies for
                      AMcomponents.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P07-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.06.115},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/645078},
}