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@ARTICLE{Rauscher:644952,
      author       = {Rauscher, Max V. and Kohns, Richard and Seyffertitz, Malina
                      and Stock, Sebastian and Haas, Sylvio and Presser, Volker
                      and Prehal, Christian and Hüsing, Nicola and Paris, Oskar},
      title        = {{B}eyond global metrics in capacitive water deionization:
                      {P}osition-resolved ion concentration from operando {X}-ray
                      transmission},
      journal      = {Desalination},
      volume       = {623},
      issn         = {0011-9164},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2026-00495},
      pages        = {119849},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {The performance of novel electrode materials and the
                      influence of cell geometry or flow rate on capacitive water
                      deionization (CDI) are usually described by global metrics
                      from the analysis of the effluent electrolyte together with
                      the electrochemical response of the system. However, these
                      approaches cannot provide information on local variations of
                      ion concentration and related local efficiency within an
                      operating device. Here, a novel approach of
                      position-resolved operando synchrotron-based X-ray
                      transmission is introduced to determine local ion
                      concentration changes along the flow channel from the inlet
                      (feedwater) to the outlet (effluent water) of a working CDI
                      cell. A specific cell design allows the independent
                      quantification of concentration changes within the bulk
                      electrolyte in the flow channel as well as the two
                      oppositely charged nanoporous electrodes. Results from a 15
                      mM CsCl feed solution using three flow rates and two carbon
                      materials with hierarchical porosity reveal a complex
                      spatial- and temporal ion distribution in the system. A
                      distinct dependence of local concentration on the flow rate
                      is observed, with generally decreasing local desalination
                      capacity towards the outlet of the cell, particularly for
                      slow flow rates. It is also found that a significantly
                      better overall performance for one of the two materials can
                      be related to dominant counter-ion adsorption within
                      ultramicropores, which ions cannot access in their hydrated
                      state at no applied potential (ionophobicity). Overall, the
                      results demonstrate the unique potential of
                      position-resolved operando X-ray techniques to get
                      mechanistic insight into local ion redistribution in CDI
                      systems, allowing ultimately guiding performance
                      optimization.},
      cin          = {CIMMS},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)CIMMS-20211022},
      pnm          = {632 - Materials – Quantum, Complex and Functional
                      Materials (POF4-632) / FS-Proposal: T-20240163 EC
                      (T-20240163-EC)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632 / G:(DE-H253)T-20240163-EC},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P62-20221101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.desal.2026.119849},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/644952},
}