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@ARTICLE{Petukhov:644466,
      author       = {Petukhov, Dmitrii I. and Chumakov, Andrei P. and Sadilov,
                      Ilia S. and Konovalov, Oleg V. and Johnson, Daniel},
      title        = {{X}-ray reflectivity and fluorescence study of foulant
                      monolayers for prediction of organic fouling and inorganic
                      scaling during membrane filtration},
      journal      = {Journal of colloid and interface science},
      volume       = {707},
      issn         = {0021-9797},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2026-00343},
      pages        = {139700},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {HypothesisOrganic foulants and ions in real feed solutions
                      act synergistically, determining the rates of organic
                      deposition and mineral scaling. We hypothesize that foulant
                      Langmuir monolayers on defined subphases provide predictive
                      model interfaces, in which X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and
                      grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence (GIXRF) quantify
                      monolayer densification and interfacial ion partitioning
                      that together forecast fouling severity and gypsum
                      scaling.ExperimentsWe formed Langmuir monolayers of bovine
                      serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (Lys), and humic acid (HA) on
                      water, 150 mM NaCl, and 25 mM CaSO$_4$ subphases, varying
                      surface pressure from relaxed to collapsed states. XRR
                      yielded electron-density profiles and monolayer density.
                      GIXRF provided interfacial enrichment factors (IEF) for
                      Ca$^{2+}$ and SO$_{4}$$^{2−}$. We correlated these
                      interfacial descriptors with reverse osmosis (RO) tests
                      determining the flux-decline ratio (FDR) and with
                      post-filtration autopsy by SEM, XRD, and
                      FTIR.FindingsIncreasing ionic strength densifies the Lys and
                      HA layers, correlating with higher FDR due to increased
                      deposition of organic foulants; this effect is especially
                      pronounced for HA in the presence of Ca$^{2+}$. By contrast,
                      the influence of ionic strength on the BSA layer is
                      moderate. GIXRF analysis shows that the BSA monolayer
                      depletes Ca$^{2+}$ at the interface (IEF ≈ 0.5),
                      inhibiting gypsum scaling, whereas the HA monolayer enriches
                      Ca$^{2+}$ (IEF ≈ 3), promoting scaling—findings
                      confirmed in filtration experiments. Overall, this study
                      demonstrates that Langmuir interfacial models, combined with
                      XRR and GIXRF, provide a robust tool for predicting fouling
                      severity and its impact on scaling in complex feed streams,
                      which is critical for water purification technologies.},
      cin          = {FS-PETRA-D},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-PETRA-D-20210408},
      pnm          = {631 - Matter – Dynamics, Mechanisms and Control
                      (POF4-631)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-631},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)External-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jcis.2025.139700},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/644466},
}