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000643455 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1873-4189
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000643455 041__ $$aEnglish
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000643455 1001_ $$aQiu, Nianshuang$$b0
000643455 245__ $$aMicrostructure after quenching and precipitation behavior during tempering in Fe–Cu–Ni–Al steels
000643455 260__ $$aNew York, NY$$bScience Direct$$c2026
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000643455 520__ $$aThis study investigates the microstructure after quenching and the precipitation behavior during subsequent tempering in Fe-2.5Ni-0.5Al, Fe-2.5Cu, and Fe-2.5Cu-2.5Ni-0.5Al (wt%) steels, with and without Mo additions. All alloys were solution-treated at 900 °C for 60 min, followed by quenching and tempering at 550 °C for up to 40 min. Microstructure and precipitation characteristics were analyzed using microscopy, atom probe tomography, and in situ small-angle X-ray scattering, supported by thermodynamic calculations and continuous cooling transformation diagram simulations. The Fe-Ni-Al steels (with or without Mo) exhibited a ferritic–bainitic microstructure. The Fe-Cu steel was primarily ferritic, while Mo addition promoted a ferritic-bainitic structure. The Fe-Cu-Ni-Al steel displayed a ferritic–martensitic microstructure, which transformed into a fully martensitic structure with Mo addition. During tempering, no precipitates were detected in the Fe-2.5Ni-0.5Al steel, whereas Cu-rich precipitates formed in both Fe-2.5Cu and Fe-2.5Cu-2.5Ni-0.5Al steels. The enhanced bainitic/martensitic transformation induced by Mo addition resulted in a higher dislocation density after quenching, which facilitated Cu precipitate nucleation during tempering. Hybrid Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics simulation confirm that Mo alters the matrix distortion in Fe-2.5Cu-2.5Ni-0.5Al steel, a key factor influencing nucleation and precipitation kinetics. Moreover, the addition of Mo reduced precipitate growth and coarsening, contributing to the retention of high hardness after tempering. 
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000643455 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1097248$$aZhou, Tao$$b1$$eCorresponding author
000643455 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1097149$$aSpartacus, Gabriel$$b2
000643455 7001_ $$aGuehairia, Sonia$$b3
000643455 7001_ $$aMeng, Zhichao$$b4
000643455 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZuo, Xiaowei$$b5$$eCorresponding author
000643455 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1015545$$aHedström, Peter$$b6
000643455 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1491951-5$$a10.1016/j.matchar.2026.116012$$gVol. 232, p. 116012 -$$p116012 $$tMaterials characterization$$v232$$x1044-5803$$y2026
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