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@ARTICLE{Abe:643441,
author = {Abe, S. and Abhir, J. and Abhishek, A. and Acciari, V. A.
and Aguasca-Cabot, A. and Agudo, I. and Aniello, T. and
Ansoldi, S. and Antonelli, L. A. and Engels, A. Arbet and
Arcaro, C. and Artero, M. and Asano, K. and Baack, D. and
Babić, A. and de Almeida, U. Barres and Barrio, J. A. and
Batković, I. and Bautista, A. and Baxter, J. and González,
J. Becerra and Bednarek, W. and Bernardini, E. and Bernete,
J. and Berti, A. and Besenrieder, J. and Bigongiari, C. and
Biland, A. and Blanch, O. and Bonnoli, G. and Bošnjak, Ž.
and Bronzini, E. and Burelli, I. and Campoy-Ordaz, A. and
Carosi, A. and Carosi, R. and Carretero-Castrillo, M. and
Castro-Tirado, A. J. and Cerasole, D. and Ceribella, G. and
Chai, Y. and Cifuentes, A. and Colombo, E. and Contreras, J.
L. and Cortina, J. and Covino, S. and D’Amico, G. and
D’Elia, V. and Vela, P. Da and Dazzi, F. and Angelis, A.
De and Lotto, B. De and de Menezes, R. and Delfino, M. and
Delgado, J. and Mendez, C. Delgado and Pierro, F. Di and
Tria, R. Di and Venere, L. Di and Prester, D. Dominis and
Donini, A. and Dorner, D. and Doro, M. and Eisenberger, L.
and Elsaesser, D. and Escudero, J. and Fariña, L. and
Fattorini, A. and Foffano, L. and Font, L. and Fröse, S.
and Fukami, S. and Fukazawa, Y. and López, R. J. García
and Garczarczyk, M. and Gasparyan, S. and Gaug, M. and
Giesbrecht Paiva, J. G. and Giglietto, N. and Giordano, F.
and Gliwny, P. and Gradetzke, T. and Grau, R. and Green, D.
and Green, J. G. and Günther, P. and Hadasch, D. and Hahn,
A. and Hassan, T. and Heckmann, L. and Llorente, J. Herrera
and Hrupec, D. and Imazawa, R. and Ishio, K. and Martínez,
I. Jiménez and Jormanainen, J. and Kankkunen, S. and
Kayanoki, T. and Kerszberg, D. and Kluge, G. W. and
Kobayashi, Y. and Kouch, P. M. and Kubo, H. and Kushida, J.
and Láinez, M. and Lamastra, A. and Leone, F. and Lindfors,
E. and Lombardi, S. and Longo, F. and López-Coto, R. and
López-Moya, M. and López-Oramas, A. and Loporchio, S. and
Lorini, A. and Lyard, E. and de Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado
and Majumdar, P. and Makariev, M. and Maneva, G. and
Manganaro, M. and Mangano, S. and Mannheim, K. and Mariotti,
M. and Martínez, M. and Martínez-Chicharro, M. and
Mas-Aguilar, A. and Mazin, D. and Menchiari, S. and Mender,
S. and Miceli, D. and Miener, T. and Miranda, J. M. and
Mirzoyan, R. and González, M. Molero and Molina, E. and
Mondal, H. A. and Moralejo, A. and Morcuende, D. and
Nakamori, T. and Nanci, C. and Neustroev, V. and Nickel, L.
and Rosillo, M. Nievas and Nigro, C. and Nikolić, L. and
Nilsson, K. and Nishijima, K. and Ekoume, T. Njoh and Noda,
K. and Nozaki, S. and Ohtani, Y. and Okumura, A. and
Otero-Santos, J. and Paiano, S. and Paneque, D. and
Paoletti, R. and Paredes, J. M. and Peresano, M. and Persic,
M. and Pihet, M. and Pirola, G. and Podobnik, F. and Prada
Moroni, P. G. and Prandini, E. and Principe, G. and Rhode,
W. and Ribó, M. and Rico, J. and Righi, C. and Sahakyan, N.
and Saito, T. and Saturni, F. G. and Schmidt, K. and
Schmuckermaier, F. and Schubert, J. L. and Schweizer, T. and
Sciaccaluga, A. and Silvestri, G. and Sitarek, J. and
Sliusar, V. and Sobczynska, D. and Spolon, A. and Stamerra,
A. and Strišković, J. and Strom, D. and Strzys, M. and
Suda, Y. and Tajima, H. and Takahashi, M. and Takeishi, R.
and Temnikov, P. and Terauchi, K. and Terzić, T. and
Teshima, M. and Truzzi, S. and Tutone, A. and Ubach, S. and
van Scherpenberg, J. and Acosta, M. Vazquez and Ventura, S.
and Verna, G. and Viale, I. and Vigorito, C. F. and Vitale,
V. and Vovk, I. and Walter, R. and Wersig, F. and Will, M.
and Wunderlich, C. and Yamamoto, T. and Bachev, R. and
Fallah Ramazani, V. and Filippenko, A. V. and Hovatta, T.
and Jorstad, S. G. and Kiehlmann, S. and Lähteenmäki, A.
and Liodakis, I. and Marscher, A. P. and Max-Moerbeck, W.
and Omeliukh, A. and Pursimo, T. and Readhead, A. C. S. and
Rodrigues, X. and Tornikoski, M. and Wierda, F. and Zheng,
W.},
collaboration = {{MAGIC Collaboration}},
title = {{T}ime-dependent modelling of short-term variability in the
{T}e{V}-blazar {VER} {J}0521+211 during the major flare in
2020},
reportid = {PUBDB-2026-00202, arXiv:2412.15836},
year = {2025},
note = {$A\&A$ 694, A308 (2025). Accepted for publication in
$A\&A$},
abstract = {The BL Lacertae object VER J0521+211 underwent a notable
flaring episode in February 2020. A short-term monitoring
campaign, led by the MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging
Cherenkov) collaboration, covering a wide energy range from
radio to very high-energy (VHE, 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) gamma
rays was organised to study its evolution. These
observations resulted in a consistent detection of the
source over six consecutive nights in the VHE gamma-ray
domain. Combining these nightly observations with an
extensive set of multi-wavelength data made modelling of the
blazar’s spectral energy distribution (SED) possible
during the flare. This modelling was performed with a focus
on two plausible emission mechanisms: (i) a leptonic
two-zone synchrotron-self-Compton scenario, and (ii) a
lepto-hadronic one-zone scenario. Both models effectively
replicated the observed SED from radio to the VHE gamma-ray
band. Furthermore, by introducing a set of evolving
parameters, both models were successful in reproducing the
evolution of the fluxes measured in different bands
throughout the observing campaign. Notably, the
lepto-hadronic model predicts enhanced photon and neutrino
fluxes at ultra-high energies (E > 100 TeV). While the
photon component, generated via decay of neutral pions, is
not directly observable as it is subject to intense pair
production (and therefore extinction) through interactions
with the cosmic microwave background photons, neutrino
detectors (e.g. IceCube) can probe the predicted neutrino
component. Finally, the analysis of the gamma-ray spectra,
observed by MAGIC and the Fermi-LAT telescopes, yielded a
conservative $95\%$ confidence upper limit of z ≤ 0.244
for the redshift of this blazar.Key words: galaxies: active
/ BL Lacertae objects: individual: VER J0521+211 / gamma
rays: galaxies⋆⋆ Eustace Specialist in Astronomy.},
cin = {$Z_GA$},
ddc = {520},
cid = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_GA-20210408$},
pnm = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613) /
DFG project G:(GEPRIS)390783311 - EXC 2094: ORIGINS: Vom
Ursprung des Universums bis zu den ersten Bausteinen des
Lebens (390783311)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613 / G:(GEPRIS)390783311},
experiment = {EXP:(DE-H253)MAGIC-20170101},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25},
eprint = {2412.15836},
howpublished = {arXiv:2412.15836},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2412.15836;\%\%$},
url = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/643441},
}
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