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@ARTICLE{lvarezGarca:643030,
      author       = {Álvarez-García, Rafael and Kneißl, Christian and Leedom,
                      Jacob M. and Righi, Nicole},
      title        = {{O}pen strings and heterotic instantons},
      journal      = {Physics letters / B},
      volume       = {872},
      issn         = {0031-9163},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {North-Holland Publ.},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-05779, arXiv:2407.20319. DESY 24-114.
                      KCL-PH-TH/2024-44. MPP-2024-157. ZMP-HH/24-15},
      pages        = {140037 -},
      year         = {2026},
      note         = {8 pages},
      abstract     = {Motivated by closed string perturbation theory arguments by
                      S. Shenker, we consider non-perturbative effects of
                      characteristic strength O(e−1/gs), with gs the closed
                      string coupling constant, in supersymmetric critical
                      heterotic string theories. We argue that in 10D such effects
                      arise from heterotic “D-instantons,” i.e. heterotic disk
                      diagrams, whose existence relies on a non-trivial interplay
                      between worldsheet and spacetime degrees of freedom. In
                      compactifications of the SemiSpin(32) heterotic string, we
                      argue that similar effects can arise from wrapped Euclidean
                      non-BPS “D-strings.” Two general principles arise: The
                      first is that the consistency of those heterotic branes on
                      which the fundamental string can end relies on an inflow
                      mechanism for spacetime degrees of freedom. The second is
                      that Shenker’s argument, taken to its logical conclusion,
                      implies that all closed string theories must exhibit open
                      strings as well.},
      keywords     = {Shenker effects (autogen) / Heterotic disk diagrams
                      (autogen) / Open heterotic strings (autogen) / Stringy
                      corrections (autogen) / Stringy instantons (autogen)},
      cin          = {T},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)T-20120731},
      pnm          = {611 - Fundamental Particles and Forces (POF4-611) / DFG
                      project G:(GEPRIS)390833306 - EXC 2121: Das Quantisierte
                      Universum II (390833306) / DFG project G:(GEPRIS)506632645 -
                      SFB 1624: Höhere Strukturen, Modulräume und
                      Integrabilität (506632645)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-611 / G:(GEPRIS)390833306 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)506632645},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      eprint       = {2407.20319},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2407.20319},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2407.20319;\%\%$},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.physletb.2025.140037},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/643030},
}