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@ARTICLE{Goetzke:640197,
      author       = {Goetzke, Gesa Inken Caroline and Plumley, Rajan and
                      Hartmann, Gregor and Maxwell, Tim and Decker, Franz-Josef
                      and Lutman, Alberto and Dunne, Mike and Ratner, Daniel and
                      Turner, Joshua J.},
      title        = {femto-{PIXAR}: a self-supervised neural network method for
                      reconstructing femtosecond {X}-ray free electron laser
                      pulses},
      journal      = {Optics express},
      volume       = {33},
      number       = {15},
      issn         = {1094-4087},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Optica},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04747},
      pages        = {31235},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {X-ray free electron lasers (X-FELs) produce ultrafast
                      pulses in a wide range of lasing configurations, supporting
                      a wide variety of scientific applications, including
                      structural biology, materials science, and atomic and
                      molecular physics. Shot-by-shot characterization of the
                      X-FEL pulses is crucial for the analysis of experiments as
                      well as for tuning the X-FEL performance. However, for the
                      weak pulses found in advanced configurations, e.g., those
                      needed for monochromatic, two-pulse studies of quantum
                      materials, there is no current method for reliably resolving
                      pulse profiles. Here, we show that an interpretable neural
                      network (NN) model can reconstruct the individual pulse
                      power profiles for sub-picosecond pulse separation without
                      the need for simulations. Using experimental data from
                      low-signal X-FEL pulse pairs, we demonstrate a NN can learn
                      the pulse characteristics on a shot-by-shot basis when
                      conventional methods fail. This new method enables the
                      characterization of weak pulses—a condition expected to
                      dominate future experimental configurations such as at the
                      Linac Coherent Light Source-II—and opens the door to a
                      wide range of new experiments.},
      cin          = {FS-FLASH-D / DOOR ; HAS-User},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-FLASH-D-20160930 /
                      I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {621 - Accelerator Research and Development (POF4-621) / 6G2
                      - FLASH (DESY) (POF4-6G2)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-621 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G2},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)F-FELdiag-20171201},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1364/OE.562798},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/640197},
}