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000639807 0247_ $$2arXiv$$aarXiv:2505.06348
000639807 0247_ $$2datacite_doi$$a10.3204/PUBDB-2025-04680
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000639807 088__ $$2arXiv$$aarXiv:2505.06348
000639807 1001_ $$aAcharyya, A.$$b0
000639807 245__ $$aPuzzling Variation of Gamma Rays from the Sun over the Solar Cycle Revealed with Fermi-LAT
000639807 260__ $$aLondon$$bInstitute of Physics Publ.$$c2025
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000639807 500__ $$aAccepted for publication in ApJL. Contact authors: Nicola Giglietto, Elena Orlando, Silvia Raino'
000639807 520__ $$aThe steady-state gamma-ray emission from the Sun is thought to consist of two emission components due to interactions with Galactic cosmic rays: (1) a hadronic disk component, and (2) a leptonic extended component peaking at the solar edge and extending into the heliosphere. The flux of these components is expected to vary with the 11 yr solar cycle, being highest during solar minimum and lowest during solar maximum, as it varies with the cosmic-ray flux. No study has yet analyzed the flux variation of each component over solar cycles. In this work, we measure the temporal variations of the flux of each component over 15 yr of Fermi Large Area Telescope observations and compare them with the sunspot number and Galactic cosmic-ray flux from AMS-02 near Earth. We find that the flux variation of the disk anticorrelates with the sunspot number and correlates with cosmic-ray protons, as expected, confirming its emission mechanism. In contrast, the extended component exhibits a more complex variation: despite an initial anticorrelation with the sunspot number, we find neither anticorrelation with the sunspot number nor correlation with cosmic-ray electrons over the full 15 yr period. This most likely suggests that cosmic-ray transport and modulation in the inner heliosphere are unexpectedly complex and may differ for electrons and protons or, alternatively, that there is an additional, unknown component of gamma rays or cosmic rays. These findings impact space weather research and emphasize the need for close monitoring of Cycle 25 and the ongoing polarity reversal.
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000639807 7001_ $$aAdelfio, A.$$b1
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-6584-1703$$aAjello, M.$$b2
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-9785-7726$$aBaldini, L.$$b3
000639807 7001_ $$aBartolini, C.$$b4
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-6954-8862$$aBastieri, D.$$b5
000639807 7001_ $$aBecerra Gonzalez, J.$$b6
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-2469-7063$$aBellazzini, R.$$b7
000639807 7001_ $$aBerenji, B.$$b8
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0001-9935-8106$$aBissaldi, E.$$b9
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-1854-5506$$aBlandford, R. D.$$b10
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-4264-1215$$aBonino, R.$$b11
000639807 7001_ $$aBottacini, E.$$b12
000639807 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1109126$$aBuson, Sara$$b13
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-0942-2747$$aCameron, R. A.$$b14
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-2478-8018$$aCaraveo, P. A.$$b15
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-2260-9322$$aCasaburo, F.$$b16
000639807 7001_ $$aCasini, F.$$b17
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0001-7150-9638$$aCavazzuti, E.$$b18
000639807 7001_ $$aCerasole, D.$$b19
000639807 7001_ $$aCibrario, N.$$b20
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-0712-2479$$aCiprini, S.$$b21
000639807 7001_ $$00009-0001-3324-0292$$aCozzolongo, G.$$b22
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-3219-608X$$aOrestano, P. Cristarella$$b23
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-3414-9092$$aCuna, F.$$b24
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-1504-894X$$aCuoco, A.$$b25
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-1271-2924$$aCutini, S.$$b26
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0001-7618-7527$$aD'Ammando, F.$$b27
000639807 7001_ $$aDepalo, D.$$b28
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-5296-4720$$aDigel, S. W.$$b29
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-7574-1298$$aDi Lalla, N.$$b30
000639807 7001_ $$aDi Venere, L.$$b31
000639807 7001_ $$aDomínguez, A.$$b32
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-3174-0688$$aFiori, A.$$b33
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000639807 7001_ $$00009-0007-2835-2963$$aGiliberti, M.$$b42
000639807 7001_ $$aGiordano, F.$$b43
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000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-0766-6473$$aMartí-Devesa, G.$$b69
000639807 7001_ $$aMartinelli, R.$$b70
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0001-9325-4672$$aMazziotta, M. N.$$b71
000639807 7001_ $$aMcEnery, J. E.$$b72
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000639807 7001_ $$00000-0003-0406-7387$$aPrincipe, G.$$b92
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-9181-0345$$aRaino, S.$$b93$$eCorresponding author
000639807 7001_ $$00000-0001-6992-818X$$aRando, R.$$b94
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000639807 7001_ $$00000-0002-9249-0515$$aWadiasingh, Z.$$b109
000639807 7001_ $$aZhang, W.$$b110
000639807 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2006858-X$$a10.3847/2041-8213/adef4d$$gVol. 989, no. 1, p. L16 -$$n1$$pL16 $$tThe astrophysical journal / Part 2$$v989$$x2041-8205$$y2025
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