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@ARTICLE{Ulrich:639445,
      author       = {Ulrich, Kim and Mylo, Max David and Masselter, Tom and
                      Scheckenbach, Fabian and Fischerbauer, Sophia and Nopens,
                      Martin and Flenner, Silja and Greving, Imke and Hesse,
                      Linnea and Speck, Thomas},
      title        = {{B}eyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in
                      pine cone scales},
      journal      = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology},
      volume       = {16},
      issn         = {2190-4286},
      address      = {Frankfurt, M.},
      publisher    = {Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen
                      Wissenschaften},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04533},
      pages        = {1695 - 1710},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {(DFG, German Research Foundation) [HE 9048/1-1] and DESY
                      for support. This work was supported by the Deutsche
                      Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)
                      through the Cluster of Excellence EXC3120 BlueMat:
                      Water-Driven Materials.},
      abstract     = {The anisotropic hygroscopic behavior of pine cone scales
                      and its effect on bending motion, with implications for
                      bioinspired actuation, is investigated. Using gravimetric
                      water uptake measurements, synchrotron radiation-based
                      nano-holotomography, and digital volume correlation
                      analysis, inter- and intra-tissue variations of hygroscopic
                      swelling/shrinkage were observed. In addition, the moisture
                      content of pine cone scale tissues was measured as a
                      function of relative humidity. There were distinct
                      differences between tissues and a pronounced hysteresis
                      between sorption and desorption. Finite element analysis was
                      performed on geometries ranging from simplified bilayer
                      models to complex remodeled scales. Simulation results
                      showed an underestimation of the bending of bilayer
                      geometries due to an overestimated contribution of
                      sclerenchyma fiber stiffness. Geometries with discrete
                      fibers embedded in a brown tissue matrix more accurately
                      reproduced the bending angles observed in experiments. This
                      highlights the importance of the chosen material properties
                      and tissue arrangements for predicting pine cone scale
                      bending in silico. By contributing to a deeper understanding
                      of pine cone scale biomechanics, these results also support
                      the development of bioinspired technical applications.
                      Future studies should refine tissue mechanical properties
                      and integrate high-resolution computed tomography-based
                      geometries to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying
                      hygroscopic actuation. This integrative approach will bridge
                      experimental findings with computational modeling and
                      advance plant biomechanics and biomimetic transfer.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)390951807 - EXC 2193: Lebende, adaptive und
                      energieautonome Materialsysteme (livMatS) (390951807)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(GEPRIS)390951807},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P05-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.3762/bjnano.16.119},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/639445},
}