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@ARTICLE{Siher:639333,
      author       = {Siher, Anja and Maver, Ksenija and Arcon, Iztok and Mavric,
                      Andraz},
      title        = {{C}arbonate {F}ormation during {N}ickel {H}ydroxide
                      {P}recipitation {R}educes {P}seudocapacitive {P}erformance},
      journal      = {Chemistry of materials},
      volume       = {37},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {0897-4756},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04434},
      pages        = {7813 - 7822},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)$_2$) is a promising
                      pseudocapacitive material owing to its high theoretical
                      capacitance and reversible Ni$^{2+}$/Ni$^{3+}$ redox
                      activity. Here we demonstrate that carbonate incorporation
                      during hydrothermal synthesis is the key structural factor
                      limiting its electrochemical performance. Ni(OH)$_2$ was
                      prepared using hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and urea at
                      different synthesis temperatures, and carbonate
                      incorporation was quantified by XRD, FTIR, Raman, TGA-MS,
                      and CaCO$_3$ precipitation. HMT-derived samples at a low
                      temperature (80 °C) formed a turbostratic α-phase with
                      interlayer water, delivering the highest specific
                      capacitance (∼870 F g$^{-1}$ at 1 A g$^{-1}$) and
                      excellent cycling stability (92–96\% retention after 1000
                      cycles). In contrast, increasing the synthesis temperature
                      promoted carbonate incorporation and crystallization into
                      nickel carbonate hydroxide, reducing the interlayer spacing
                      and surface area and increasing charge-transfer resistance.
                      Urea-derived samples incorporated carbonate at all synthesis
                      temperatures, yielding phases with capacitances an order of
                      magnitude lower than those of HMT analogues. Electrochemical
                      impedance spectroscopy confirmed that carbonate
                      incorporation blocks redox-active sites and hinders
                      ion/electron transport. These results provide a quantitative
                      mechanistic understanding of how carbonate formation governs
                      transition metal layered hydroxide performance, establishing
                      guidelines for optimizing hydrothermal synthesis of
                      pseudocapacitive electrodes.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / FS-Proposal: I-20230893
                      EC (I-20230893-EC) / FS-Proposal: I-20240152 EC
                      (I-20240152-EC)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(DE-H253)I-20230893-EC /
                      G:(DE-H253)I-20240152-EC},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P65-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c01467},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/639333},
}