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@ARTICLE{Caprini:639295,
      author       = {Caprini, Chiara and Jinno, Ryusuke and Konstandin, Thomas
                      and Roper Pol, Alberto and Rubira, Henrique and Stomberg,
                      Isak},
      title        = {{G}ravitational waves from first-order phase transitions:
                      from weak to strong},
      journal      = {Journal of high energy physics},
      volume       = {07},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1126-6708},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04396, arXiv:2409.03651. DESY-24-131.
                      KOBE-COSMO-24-03. TUM-HEP-1522/24},
      pages        = {217},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {70 pages, 16 figures},
      abstract     = {We study the generation of gravitational waves (GWs) during
                      a cosmological first-order phase transition (PT) using the
                      recently introduced Higgsless approach to numerically
                      simulate the fluid motion induced by the PT. We present for
                      the first time GW spectra sourced by bulk fluid motion in
                      the aftermath of strong first-order PTs (α = 0.5),
                      alongside weak (α = 0.0046) and intermediate (α = 0.05)
                      PTs, previously considered in the literature. We find that,
                      for intermediate and strong PTs, the kinetic energy in our
                      simulations decays, following a power law in time. The decay
                      is potentially determined by non-linear dynamics and hence
                      related to the production of vorticity. We show that the
                      assumption that the source is stationary in time,
                      characteristic of compressional motion in the linear regime
                      (sound waves), agrees with our numerical results for weak
                      PTs, since in this case the kinetic energy does not decay
                      with time. We then provide a theoretical framework that
                      extends the stationary assumption to one that accounts for
                      the time evolution of the source: as a result, the GW energy
                      density is no longer linearly increasing with the source
                      duration, but proportional to the integral over time of the
                      squared kinetic energy fraction. This effectively reduces
                      the linear growth rate of the GW energy density and allows
                      to account for the period of transition from the linear to
                      the non-linear regimes of the fluid perturbations. We
                      validate the novel theoretical model with the results of
                      simulations and provide templates for the GW spectrum for a
                      broad range of PT parameters.},
      keywords     = {Phase Transitions in the Early Universe (autogen) /
                      Cosmology of Theories BSM (autogen)},
      cin          = {T},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)T-20120731},
      pnm          = {611 - Fundamental Particles and Forces (POF4-611) / DFG
                      project G:(GEPRIS)390833306 - EXC 2121: Quantum Universe
                      (390833306) / DFG project G:(GEPRIS)390783311 - EXC 2094:
                      ORIGINS: Vom Ursprung des Universums bis zu den ersten
                      Bausteinen des Lebens (390783311)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-611 / G:(GEPRIS)390833306 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)390783311},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      eprint       = {2409.03651},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2409.03651},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2409.03651;\%\%$},
      doi          = {10.1007/JHEP07(2025)217},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/639295},
}