The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction

Kraus, D.; Hwang, H.; Volz, T. J.; Redmer, R.; Kim, J.; Norton, A.-M.; Bolme, C. A.; Higginbotham, A.; Ranjan, D.; Schörner, M.; Appel, K.; Coleman, A. L.; Edwards, C.; Comley, A. J.; Chantel, J.; Spindloe, C.; Stevenson, M. G.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Peake, D. J.; Sollier, A.; Prescher, C.; Hartley, N. J.; Belonoshko, A. B.; Errandonea, D.; Smith, R. F.; Cerantola, V.; Descamps, A.; Gorman, M. G.; Gonzalez, J. M.; Vinci, T.; Pandolfi, S.; Smith, J.; McGonegle, D.; McBride, E. E.; Schölmerich, M.; Suer, T.-A.; Savage, D. J.; Laso Garcia, A.; McHardy, J. D.; Banerjee, S.; Cowan, T. E.; Briggs, R.; Nguyen-Cong, K.; Masruri, M.; Wark, J. S.; Heighway, P. G.; McMahon, M. I.; Ravasio, A.; Di Dio Cafiso, S.; Vennari, C. E.; Hernandez-Gomez, C.; Buakor, K.; Singh, S.; Koester, P.; Galtier, E.; Antonelli, L.; Heuser, B.; Ali, S. J.; Göde, S.; Mason, P.; Spear, J.; Dwivedi, A.; Randolph, L.; Phillips, J. P.; Gizzi, L.; Trapananti, A.; Tang, M.; Strohm, C.; Di Cicco, A.; Cynn, H.; Konôpková, Z.; Hutchinson, T. M.; Collier, J.; Albertazzi, B.; McGuire, C.; Willman, J. T.; Toncian, T.; Santamaria-Perez, D.; Nagler, B.; Tracy, S. J.; Höppner, H.; Bähtz, C.; Preston, T. R.; McWilliams, R. S.; Morard, G.; Walsh, J. P. S.; Toncian, M.; Rips, J.; Pereira, K. A.; Husband, R. J.; Dorchies, F.; Eggert, J. H.; Bouffetier, V.; Collins, G. W.; Lütgert, J.; Gleason, A.; Lee, Y.; Oleynik, I. I.; Labate, L.; Pelka, A.; Harmand, M.; Ozaki, N.; Vogel, S. C.; Duff, M. J.; Ginestet, H.; Butcher, T.; Tyldesley, M.; Lazicki, A. E.; Zastrau, U.; Vorberger, J.; Massani, B.; Keen, D. A.; Brambrink, E.; Wollenweber, L.; Galitskiy, S.; Krygier, A.; Schwinkendorf, J.-P.; Otzen, C.; Liermann, H.-P.; Merkel, S.; Ball, O. B.; Cristoforetti, G.

doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09035-6

% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Kraus:639293,
      author       = {Kraus, D. and Rips, J. and Schörner, M. and Stevenson, M.
                      G. and Vorberger, J. and Ranjan, D. and Lütgert, J. and
                      Heuser, B. and Eggert, J. H. and Liermann, H.-P. and
                      Oleynik, I. I. and Pandolfi, S. and Redmer, R. and Sollier,
                      A. and Strohm, C. and Volz, T. J. and Albertazzi, B. and
                      Ali, S. J. and Antonelli, L. and Bähtz, C. and Ball, O. B.
                      and Banerjee, S. and Belonoshko, A. B. and Bolme, C. A. and
                      Bouffetier, V. and Briggs, R. and Buakor, K. and Butcher, T.
                      and Cerantola, V. and Chantel, J. and Coleman, A. L. and
                      Collier, J. and Collins, G. W. and Comley, A. J. and Cowan,
                      T. E. and Cristoforetti, G. and Cynn, H. and Descamps, A.
                      and Di Cicco, A. and Di Dio Cafiso, S. and Dorchies, F. and
                      Duff, M. J. and Dwivedi, A. and Edwards, C. and Errandonea,
                      D. and Galitskiy, S. and Galtier, E. and Ginestet, H. and
                      Gizzi, L. and Gleason, A. and Göde, S. and Gonzalez, J. M.
                      and Gorman, M. G. and Harmand, M. and Hartley, N. J. and
                      Heighway, P. G. and Hernandez-Gomez, C. and Higginbotham, A.
                      and Höppner, H. and Husband, R. J. and Hutchinson, T. M.
                      and Hwang, H. and Keen, D. A. and Kim, J. and Koester, P.
                      and Konôpková, Z. and Krygier, A. and Labate, L. and Laso
                      Garcia, A. and Lazicki, A. E. and Lee, Y. and Mason, P. and
                      Masruri, M. and Massani, B. and McBride, E. E. and McHardy,
                      J. D. and McGonegle, D. and McGuire, C. and McWilliams, R.
                      S. and Merkel, S. and Morard, G. and Nagler, B. and
                      Nakatsutsumi, M. and Nguyen-Cong, K. and Norton, A.-M. and
                      Ozaki, N. and Otzen, C. and Peake, D. J. and Pelka, A. and
                      Pereira, K. A. and Phillips, J. P. and Prescher, C. and
                      Preston, T. R. and Randolph, L. and Ravasio, A. and
                      Santamaria-Perez, D. and Savage, D. J. and Schölmerich, M.
                      and Schwinkendorf, J.-P. and Singh, S. and Smith, J. and
                      Smith, R. F. and Spear, J. and Spindloe, C. and Suer, T.-A.
                      and Tang, M. and Toncian, M. and Toncian, T. and Tracy, S.
                      J. and Trapananti, A. and Vennari, C. E. and Vinci, T. and
                      Tyldesley, M. and Vogel, S. C. and Walsh, J. P. S. and Wark,
                      J. S. and Willman, J. T. and Wollenweber, L. and Zastrau, U.
                      and Brambrink, E. and Appel, K. and McMahon, M. I.},
      title        = {{T}he structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ
                      {X}-ray diffraction},
      journal      = {Nature},
      volume       = {642},
      number       = {8067},
      issn         = {0028-0836},
      address      = {London [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Nature Publ. Group},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04394},
      pages        = {351 - 355},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Carbon has a central role in biology and organic chemistry,
                      and its solid allotropes provide the basis of much of our
                      modern technology1. However, the liquid form of carbon
                      remains nearly uncharted2, and the structure of liquid
                      carbon and most of its physical properties are essentially
                      unknown3. But liquid carbon is relevant for modelling
                      planetary interiors4,5 and the atmospheres of white dwarfs6,
                      as an intermediate state for the synthesis of advanced
                      carbon materials7,8, inertial confinement fusion
                      implosions9, hypervelocity impact events on carbon
                      materials10 and our general understanding of structured
                      fluids at extreme conditions11. Here we present a precise
                      structure measurement of liquid carbon at pressures of
                      around 1 million atmospheres obtained by in situ X-ray
                      diffraction at an X-ray free-electron laser. Our results
                      show a complex fluid with transient bonding and
                      approximately four nearest neighbours on average, in
                      agreement with quantum molecular dynamics simulations. The
                      obtained data substantiate the understanding of the liquid
                      state of one of the most abundant elements in the universe
                      and can test models of the melting line. The demonstrated
                      experimental abilities open the path to performing similar
                      studies of the structure of liquids composed of light
                      elements at extreme conditions.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / FS-PETRA-D / $XFEL_E1_HED$},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-PETRA-D-20210408 /
                      $I:(DE-H253)XFEL_E1_HED-20210408$},
      pnm          = {631 - Matter – Dynamics, Mechanisms and Control
                      (POF4-631) / 6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / DFG project
                      505630685 - Untersuchung planetarer Eise mit
                      Kompressionsexperimenten (505630685) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)280637173 - FOR 2440: Materie im Inneren von
                      Planeten - Hochdruck-, Planeten- und Plasmaphysik
                      (280637173)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-631 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)505630685 / G:(GEPRIS)280637173},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P02.2-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40399671},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41586-025-09035-6},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/639293},
}

guest :: login PUBDB
		Search		Submit		Personalize Your alerts Your baskets Your searches		Help