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@ARTICLE{Xue:639242,
      author       = {Xue, Xiaorui and Pan, Zhen and Dai, Liang},
      title        = {{N}on-{G}aussian statistics of nanohertz stochastic
                      gravitational waves},
      journal      = {Physical review / D},
      volume       = {111},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2470-0010},
      address      = {Ridge, NY},
      publisher    = {American Physical Society},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-04362, arXiv:2409.19516. DESY-24-137},
      pages        = {043022},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {14 pages including references, 8 figures. Accepted by Phys.
                      Rev. D},
      abstract     = {Multiple pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently reported
                      evidence for nHz stochastic gravitational wave background
                      (SGWB), stimulating intensive discussions about its physical
                      origin. In principle, the sources may be either supermassive
                      black hole binaries (SMBHBs) or processes in the early
                      Universe. One key difference between the two lies in the
                      statistics of the SGWB frequency power spectrum. In
                      particular, the often assumed Gaussian random SGWB does not
                      accurately describe the distribution of the collective SMBHB
                      emission. This work presents a semianalytical framework for
                      calculating the non-Gaussian statistics of SGWB power
                      expected from SMBHBs. We find that (a) wave interference
                      between individual SMBHBs with indistinguishable observed
                      frequencies and (b) the Poisson fluctuation of the source
                      numbers, together shape the non-Gaussian statistics.
                      Implementing the non-Gaussian statistics developed in this
                      work, we investigate the sensitivity of current and future
                      PTA datasets in distinguishing the origin of the SGWB
                      through non-Gaussian information. Additionally, we find an
                      interesting approximation of the non-Gaussian statistics,
                      which has implications for accurately and practically
                      treating non-Gaussianity in PTA Bayesian analyses.},
      keywords     = {gravitational radiation, stochastic (INSPIRE) / black hole,
                      binary (INSPIRE) / gravitational radiation, background
                      (INSPIRE) / statistics (INSPIRE) / non-Gaussianity (INSPIRE)
                      / power spectrum (INSPIRE) / fluctuation (INSPIRE) /
                      sensitivity (INSPIRE) / interference (INSPIRE) / Poisson
                      (INSPIRE) / Bayesian (INSPIRE) / pulsar (INSPIRE) /
                      collective (INSPIRE)},
      cin          = {UNI/TH},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)UNI_TH-20120731$},
      pnm          = {611 - Fundamental Particles and Forces (POF4-611) / DFG
                      project G:(GEPRIS)390833306 - EXC 2121: Quantum Universe
                      (390833306)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-611 / G:(GEPRIS)390833306},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      eprint       = {2409.19516},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2409.19516},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2409.19516;\%\%$},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevD.111.043022},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/639242},
}