TY  - JOUR
AU  - Saltin, Brian
AU  - Müssig, Jörg
AU  - Labisch, Susanna
AU  - Dirks, Jan-Henning
TI  - The biomechanical dilemma of phasmid eggs – how do stick insects hatch?
JO  - The journal of experimental biology
VL  - 228
IS  - 18
SN  - 0366-0788
CY  - Cambridge
PB  - Company of Biologists
M1  - PUBDB-2025-04249
SP  - jeb250729
PY  - 2025
N1  - published version is non-open access. Copyright rules state for institutional repositories: "Any version, including final published PDF, 12 months after publication. Where funder or institute mandate requires earlier deposition (e.g. NIH Public Access policy), author accepted manuscript only. Must link to published article on the journal website."  Synchrotron scans were kindly supported by the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron(DESY) research grant for beam time 11011600 at beam line P05.
AB  - During their development, phasmid eggs with their long developmental periods face numerous biotic and abiotic challenges. These insect eggs are unique for their thick egg capsule and a specialised escape structure called the operculum/lid. This operculum needs to be easy to open from the inside, yet must not be a ‘weak spot’ for potential predators. One possible solution to this biomechanical dilemma could be a change in the operculum's mechanical properties over time. To investigate this hypothesis, we analysed the effect of age and storage conditions on the biomechanical properties of the egg and the operculum. We also performed high-resolution X-ray microscopy (XRM) and synchrotron studies to analyse the ultrastructure of the eggshell and operculum. Our results show that the eggs of Carausius morosus were able to resist a compressive force of up to 2 N. During maturation, the force required to open the operculum was significantly reduced from 0.14 N to 0.09 N. The properties of the eggshell itself, however, were not affected by humidity and did not change during maturation. Interestingly, the egg properties were affected by the mother's age. Our results thus indicate that the operculum is not a primary fracture site for externally applied stress; however, structural changes in the operculum during the developmental process of the embryo facilitate the hatching process.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
DO  - DOI:10.1242/jeb.250729
UR  - https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/638979
ER  -