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@ARTICLE{Zupan:627917,
      author       = {Zupan, Bor and Zahoor, Rizwan and Bajt, Sasa and Sarler,
                      Bozidar},
      title        = {{N}umerical treatment of electrical properties in two-phase
                      electrohydrodynamic systems},
      journal      = {Physics of fluids},
      volume       = {37},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1527-2435},
      address      = {[Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-01690},
      pages        = {083353},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Generation and manipulation of micrometer-sized liquid jets
                      is highly relevant for applications like sample delivery in
                      serial femtosecondcrystallography. A promising method
                      combines gas flow focusing with electrospraying but remains
                      underexplored due to numerical limita-tions regarding high
                      interfacial electric property gradients. This study
                      addresses this challenge by assessing different approaches
                      for electrohy-drodynamic (EHD) numerical treatment of
                      two-phase interfaces within the finite volume method and the
                      volume-of-fluid framework. A newgeometric mean interpolation
                      technique was developed to address the limitations of high
                      electric conductivity-ratio gas–liquid systems.
                      Thetechnique was related to the established EHD modeling
                      approaches, comprising two electric force implementations
                      and two electric propertyinterpolation methods. Three
                      verification tests involving no flow conditions demonstrated
                      consistent performance of all solvers regarding theelectric
                      equations, and they were charge-conservative. Validation on
                      a free boundary problem experiment revealed varying levels
                      of agree-ment. Results show that the Coulomb-polarization
                      force implementation combined with weighted harmonic mean
                      interpolation provides themost accurate and physically
                      consistent modeling of electric forces at fluid interfaces,
                      followed by the novel geometric mean technique. Themodel
                      based on the Coulomb-polarization force is applied to
                      simulate electro-flow-focused jets, capturing the complex
                      interplay of hydrody-namic and electrostatic forces in a
                      high-velocity co-flow configuration. While weighted harmonic
                      mean interpolation yields the highest fidel-ity regarding
                      the electric force magnitude and electric charge position,
                      it fails for extremely low gas conductivities. The proposed
                      geometricmean interpolation provides a stable alternative
                      for simulating EHD two-phase flows, particularly in
                      configurations with large interfacial elec-tric property
                      gradients.},
      cin          = {FS-ML},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-ML-20120731},
      pnm          = {632 - Materials – Quantum, Complex and Functional
                      Materials (POF4-632)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1063/5.0281409},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/627917},
}