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@ARTICLE{Oancea:625891,
      author       = {Oancea, Cristina and Sykorova, Katerina and Jakubek, Jan
                      and Pivec, Jiri and Riemer, Felix and Worm, Steven and
                      Bourgouin, Alexandra},
      title        = {{D}osimetric and temporal beam characterization of
                      individual pulses in {FLASH} radiotherapy using {T}imepix3
                      pixelated detector placed out-of-field},
      journal      = {Physica medica},
      volume       = {129},
      issn         = {1120-1797},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-01216},
      pages        = {104872},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {Waiting for fulltext},
      abstract     = {Background: FLASH radiotherapy necessitates the development
                      of advanced Quality Assurance methods and detectors for
                      accurate monitoring of the radiation field. This study
                      introduces enhanced time-resolution detection systems and
                      methods used to measure the delivered number of pulses,
                      investigate temporal structure of individual pulses and
                      dose-per-pulse (DPP) based on secondary radiation particles
                      produced in the experimental room. Methods: A 20 MeV
                      electron beam generated from a linear accelerator (LINAC)
                      was delivered to a water phantom. Ultra-high dose-per-pulse
                      electron beams were used with a dose-per-pulse ranging from
                      ~1 Gy to over 7 Gy. The pulse lengths ranged from 1.18 µs
                      to 2.88 µs at a pulse rate frequency of 5 Hz. A
                      semiconductor pixel detector Timepix3 was used to track
                      single secondary particles. Measurements were performed in
                      the air, while the detector was positioned out-of-field at a
                      lateral distance of 200 cm parallel with the LINAC exit
                      window. The dose deposited was measured along with the pulse
                      length and the nanostructure of the pulse. Results:The time
                      of arrival (ToA) of single particles was measured with a
                      resolution of 1.56 ns, while the deposited energy was
                      measured with a resolution of several keV based on the Time
                      over Threshold (ToT) value. The pulse count measured by the
                      Timepix3 detector corresponded with the delivered values,
                      which were measured using an in-flange integrating current
                      transformer (ICT). A linear response (R$^2$ = 0.999) was
                      established between the delivered beam current and the
                      measured dose at the detector position (orders of nGy). The
                      difference between the average measured and delivered pulse
                      length was ~0.003(30) μs. Conclusion: This simple
                      non-invasive method exhibits no limitations on the delivered
                      DPP within the range used during this investigation.},
      cin          = {$Z_DET$},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_DET-20201126$},
      pnm          = {622 - Detector Technologies and Systems (POF4-622)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-622},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)PITZ-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {39667142},
      UT           = {WOS:001385622400001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.104872},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/625891},
}