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@PHDTHESIS{Kleiner:622204,
      author       = {Kleiner, Tobias Kai},
      othercontributors = {Berge, David and Kowalski, Marek and Wilms, Joern},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating the {M}icroquasar {SS} 433 and the
                      {P}e{V}atron {C}andidate {MGRO} {J}1908+06 with a {N}ovel
                      {E}xtended {S}ource {A}nalysis {M}ethod},
      school       = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      publisher    = {Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-00242},
      pages        = {213},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Dissertation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2023},
      abstract     = {The origins of galactic Very-high energy; 100 GeV < E < 100
                      TeV (VHE) and Ultra-high energy; 100 TeV < E(VHE) cosmic
                      rays remain largely unknown. However, recent studies suggest
                      the existence of numerousgalactic sources known as
                      PeVatrons, which have the ability to accelerate particles up
                      to Petaelectronvolt (PeV)energies. These PeVatron candidates
                      include Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), Supernova remnants
                      (SNRs) aswell as micro-quasars. Investigating the gamma-ray
                      emission at Gigaelectronvolt (GeV) and Teraelectronvolt(TeV)
                      energies from these sources provides valuable insights into
                      their physical properties and accelerationmechanisms. In the
                      scope of this thesis, we analyse data from the Very
                      Energetic Radiation Imaging TelescopeArray System (VERITAS)
                      gamma-ray observatory, which consists of an array of four
                      12-meter Imagingatmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs)
                      located in Arizona. Our focus is on understanding the
                      propertiesof two extended galactic sources: MGRO J1908+06, a
                      potential PeVatron candidate whose identification is yetto
                      be established, and SS 433, a microquasar.We adopt for the
                      first time in VERITAS a 3D maximum-likelihood analysis
                      method as part of Gammapy toconstrain the properties of the
                      investigated sources using spectromorphological models. This
                      involves theproduction and validation of offset-dependent
                      Instrument response functions (IRFs), including models
                      thatdescribe the irreducible cosmic-ray background, and the
                      validation of the analysis method using observationsof the
                      Crab Nebula.We apply this new method to analyse the extended
                      gamma-ray emission from MGRO J1908+06. We determinethat the
                      gamma-ray emission exhibits energy-dependent morphology. By
                      considering proton densities inthe region and analysing the
                      emission characteristics, we conclude that the emission is
                      likely a result ofsynchrotron radiation and inverse-Compton
                      scattering. We explore a potential association with the
                      pulsarPSR J1907+0602, suggesting that it could be the
                      remnant of a supernova explosion where the subsequentreverse
                      shock expelled the pulsar, leaving behind a relic pulsar
                      wind nebula. To validate the 3D maximumlikelihood analysis,
                      we employ a mimic data method, for performing a bias
                      correction and for estimating theuncertainties of the
                      analysis method.Additionally, we report significant
                      gamma-ray emission from the microquasar SS 433, representing
                      its firstdetection in the VERITAS data. The emission
                      originates from the region where the jets interact with
                      themedium of the W50 supernova remnant. SS 433, an X-ray
                      binary system in the Milky Way, consists of ablack hole and
                      an orbiting A-type star and exhibits two powerful jets.
                      Through 3D analyses, we determinethat the gamma-ray
                      emissions at the jet termination lobes exhibit an extended
                      and elongated structure. In amultiwavelength analysis, we
                      explore various scenarios to explain the origin of the
                      gamma-ray emission,employing models that describe the
                      particle populations responsible for the emission. Based on
                      the estimatedjet power of SS 433, a leptonic origin for the
                      observed gamma-ray emissions is favoured. Furthermore,
                      wefind no significant gamma-ray emission from the black hole
                      region and no evidence of variable gamma-ray emissions.
                      Envisioning the future of gamma-ray astronomy, we conduct
                      simulations to optimize thecharacteristics of Cherenkov
                      Telescope Array (CTA), the next-generation IACT.
                      Specifically, we focus onaddressing telescope shadowing
                      effects and optimizing the placement of the illuminators.},
      keywords     = {VERITAS (Other) / CTA (Other) / 3D Analysis (Other) /
                      PeVatron (Other) / MGRO J1908+06 (Other) / Microquasar
                      (Other) / SS 433 (Other) / VERITAS (Other) / CTA (Other) /
                      3D Analysis (Other) / PeVatron (Other) / MGRO J1908+06
                      (Other) / Microquasar (Other) / SS 433 (Other) / 530 Physik
                      (Other) / 520 Astronomie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften
                      (Other)},
      cin          = {$Z_CTA$ / $Z_VER$},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_CTA-20210408$ / $I:(DE-H253)Z_VER-20210408$},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)VERITAS-20170101 / EXP:(DE-H253)CTA-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      urn          = {urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-110-18452/29497-4 },
      doi          = {10.3204/PUBDB-2025-00242},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/622204},
}