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@ARTICLE{Bertelsen:622036,
      author       = {Bertelsen, Andreas Dueholm and Kløve, Magnus and Broge,
                      Nils Lau Nyborg and Bondesgaard, Martin and Stubkjær,
                      Rasmus Baden and Dippel, Ann-Christin and Li, Qinyu and
                      Tilley, Richard and Vogel Jørgensen, Mads Ry and Iversen,
                      Bo Brummerstedt},
      title        = {{F}ormation {M}echanism and {H}ydrothermal {S}ynthesis of
                      {H}ighly {A}ctive {I}r$_{1–x}$ {R}u$_x${O}$_2$
                      {N}anoparticles for the {O}xygen {E}volution {R}eaction},
      journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
      volume       = {146},
      number       = {34},
      issn         = {0002-7863},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publications},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-00148},
      pages        = {23729-23740},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Iridium dioxide (IrO2), ruthenium dioxide (RuO2), and their
                      solid solutions (Ir1–xRuxO2) are very active
                      electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
                      Efficient and facile synthesis of nanosized crystallites of
                      these materials is of high significance for electrocatalytic
                      applications for converting green energy to fuels
                      (power-to-X). Here, we use in situ X-ray scattering to
                      examine reaction conditions for different Ir and Ru
                      precursors resulting in the development of a simple
                      hydrothermal synthesis route using IrCl3 and KRuO4 to obtain
                      homogeneous phase-pure Ir1–xRuxO2 nanocrystals. The solid
                      solution nanocrystals can be obtained with a tunable
                      composition of 0.2 < x < 1.0 and with ultra-small coherently
                      scattering crystalline domains estimated from 1.3 to 2.6 nm
                      in diameter based on PDF refinements. The in situ X-ray
                      scattering data reveal a two-step formation mechanism, which
                      involves the initial loss of chloride ligands followed by
                      the formation of metal–oxygen octahedra clusters
                      containing both Ir and Ru. These octahedra assemble with
                      time resulting in long-range order resembling the rutile
                      structure. The mixing of the metals on the atomic scale
                      during the crystal formation presumably allows the formation
                      of the solid solution rather than heterogeneous mixtures.
                      The size of the final nanocrystals can be controlled by
                      tuning the synthesis temperature. The facile hydrothermal
                      synthesis route provides ultra-small nanoparticles with
                      activity toward the OER in acidic electrolytes comparable to
                      the best in the literature, and the optimal material
                      composition very favorably combines low overpotential, high
                      mass activity, and increased stability.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / FS-PETRA-D},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-PETRA-D-20210408},
      pnm          = {632 - Materials – Quantum, Complex and Functional
                      Materials (POF4-632) / 6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) /
                      FS-Proposal: I-20210572 EC (I-20210572-EC) / FS-Proposal:
                      I-20211382 EC (I-20211382-EC)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 /
                      G:(DE-H253)I-20210572-EC / G:(DE-H253)I-20211382-EC},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P21.1-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39151091},
      UT           = {WOS:001293344600001},
      doi          = {10.1021/jacs.4c04607},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/622036},
}