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@ARTICLE{vanVelzen:619704,
      author       = {van Velzen, Sjoert and Stein, Robert and Gilfanov, Marat
                      and Kowalski, Marek and Hayasaki, Kimitake and Reusch,
                      Simeon and Yao, Yuhan and Garrappa, Simone and Franckowiak,
                      Anna and Gezari, Suvi and Nordin, Jakob and Fremling,
                      Christoffer and Sharma, Yashvi and Yan, Lin and Kool, Erik
                      C. and Stern, Daniel and Veres, Patrik M. and Sollerman,
                      Jesper and Medvedev, Pavel and Sunyaev, Rashid and Bellm,
                      Eric C. and Dekany, Richard G. and Duev, Dimitri A. and
                      Graham, Matthew J. and Kasliwal, Mansi M. and Kulkarni,
                      Shrinivas R. and Laher, Russ R. and Riddle, Reed L. and
                      Rusholme, Ben},
      title        = {{E}stablishing accretion flares from supermassive black
                      holes as a source of high-energy neutrinos},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-07843, arXiv:2111.09391},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2024),
                      Volume 529, Issue 3, 2559-2576. Accepted for publication in
                      MNRAS AF received funding from the German Science Foundation
                      DFG,within the Collaborative Research Center SFB1491
                      ‘Cosmic Inter-acting Matters – From Source to
                      Signal’.},
      abstract     = {The origin of cosmic high-energy neutrinos remains largely
                      unexplained. For high-energy neutrino alerts from IceCube, a
                      coincidence with time-variable emission has been seen for
                      three different types of accreting black holes: (1) a
                      gamma-ray flare from a blazar (TXS 0506+056), (2) an optical
                      transient following a stellar tidal disruption event (TDE;
                      AT2019dsg), and (3) an optical outburst from an active
                      galactic nucleus (AGN; AT2019fdr). For the latter two
                      sources, infrared follow-up observations revealed a powerful
                      reverberation signal due to dust heated by the flare. This
                      discovery motivates a systematic study of neutrino emission
                      from all supermassive black hole with similar dust echoes.
                      Because dust reprocessing is agnostic to the origin of the
                      outburst, our work unifies TDEs and high-amplitude flares
                      from AGN into a population that we dub accretion flares.
                      Besides the two known events, we uncover a third flare that
                      is coincident with a PeV-scale neutrino (AT2019aalc). Based
                      solely on the optical and infrared properties, we estimate a
                      significance of 3.6σ for this association of high-energy
                      neutrinos with three accretion flares. Our results imply
                      that at least ∼10 per cent of the IceCube high-energy
                      neutrino alerts could be due to accretion flares. This is
                      surprising because the sum of the fluence of these flares is
                      at least three orders of magnitude lower compared to the
                      total fluence of normal AGN. It thus appears that the
                      efficiency of high-energy neutrino production in accretion
                      flares is increased compared to non-flaring AGN. We
                      speculate that this can be explained by the high Eddington
                      ratio of the flares.},
      keywords     = {black hole: accretion (INSPIRE) / acceleration: efficiency
                      (INSPIRE) / particle: acceleration (INSPIRE) / optical
                      (INSPIRE) / AGN (INSPIRE) / time dependence (INSPIRE) /
                      neutrino: energy: high (INSPIRE) / blazar (INSPIRE) /
                      infrared (INSPIRE) / gamma ray (INSPIRE) / signature
                      (INSPIRE) / neutrinos (autogen) / galaxies: active (autogen)
                      / transients: tidal disruption events (autogen)},
      cin          = {$Z_ICE$ / $Z_NA$},
      ddc          = {520},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_ICE-20210408$ / $I:(DE-H253)Z_NA-20210408$},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613) /
                      VH-NG-1202 - Identifying the Sources of High-Energy
                      Neutrinos with Multi-Messenger Observations
                      $(2018_VH-NG-1202)$ / DFG project G:(GEPRIS)445052434 - SFB
                      1491: Das Wechselspiel der kosmischen Materie - von der
                      Quelle bis zum Signal (445052434)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613 / $G:(DE-HGF)2018_VH-NG-1202$ /
                      G:(GEPRIS)445052434},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)IceCube-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25},
      eprint       = {2111.09391},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2111.09391},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2111.09391;\%\%$},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/619704},
}