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@ARTICLE{King:617744,
      author       = {King, Finn and Diehl, Inge and Feyens, Ono and Gregor,
                      Ingrid-Maria and Hansen, Karsten and Lachnit, Stephan and
                      Poblotzki, Frauke and Rastorguev, Daniil and Spannagel,
                      Simon and Vanat, Tomas and Vignola, Gianpiero},
      title        = {{T}est {B}eam {C}haracterization of a {D}igital {S}ilicon
                      {P}hotomultiplier},
      journal      = {Nuclear instruments $\&$ methods in physics research /
                      Section A},
      volume       = {1081},
      issn         = {0167-5087},
      address      = {[Amsterdam]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-07022},
      pages        = {170874},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Conventional silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are well
                      established as light detectors with single-photon-detection
                      capability and used throughout high energy physics, medical,
                      and commercial applications. The possibility to produce
                      single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in commercial CMOS
                      processes creates the opportunity to combine a matrix of
                      SPADs and an application-specific integrated circuit in the
                      same die. The potential of such digital SiPMs (dSiPMs) is
                      still being explored, while it already is an established
                      technology in certain applications, like light detection and
                      ranging (LiDAR). A prototype dSiPM, produced in the LFoundry
                      150-nm CMOS technology, was designed and tested at DESY. The
                      dSiPM central part is a matrix of 32 by 32 pixels. Each
                      pixel contains four SPADs, a digital front-end, and has an
                      area of 69.6 × 76 µm2. The chip has four time-to-digital
                      converters and includes further circuitry for data
                      serialization and data links.This work focuses on the
                      characterization of the prototype in an electron beam at the
                      DESY II Test Beam facility, to study its capability as a
                      tracking and timing detector for minimum ionizing particles
                      (MIPs). The MIP detection efficiency is found to be
                      dominated by the fill factor and on the order of 31 $\%.$
                      The position of the impinging MIPs can be measured with a
                      precision of about 20 µm, and the time of the interaction
                      can be measured with a precision better than 50 ps for about
                      85 $\%$ of the detected events. In addition, laboratory
                      studies on the breakdown voltage, dark count rate, and
                      crosstalk probability, as well as the experimental methods
                      required for the characterization of such a sensor type in a
                      particle beam are presented.},
      cin          = {ATLAS / CMS / FE},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)ATLAS-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)CMS-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FE-20120731},
      pnm          = {622 - Detector Technologies and Systems (POF4-622)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-622},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)TestBeamline21-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2025.170874},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/617744},
}