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@ARTICLE{Crippa:617530,
      author       = {Crippa, Arianna and Jansen, Karl and Rinaldi, Enrico},
      title        = {{A}nalysis of the confinement string in (2 + 1)-dimensional
                      {Q}uantum {E}lectrodynamics with a trapped-ion quantum
                      computer},
      issn         = {2399-3650},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-06861, arXiv:2411.05628},
      year         = {2026},
      note         = {21 pages, 26 figures, 3 tables},
      abstract     = {Compact lattice Quantum Electrodynamics is a complex
                      quantum field theory with dynamical gauge and matter fields
                      and it has similarities with Quantum Chromodynamics, in
                      particular asymptotic freedom and confinement. We consider a
                      (2+1)-dimensional lattice discretization of Quantum
                      Electrodynamics with the inclusion of dynamical fermionic
                      matter. We define a suitable quantum algorithm to measure
                      the static potential as a function of the distance between
                      two charges on the lattice and we use a variational quantum
                      calculation to explore the Coulomb, confinement and string
                      breaking regimes. A symmetry-preserving and
                      resource-efficient variational quantum circuit is employed
                      to prepare the ground state of the theory at various values
                      of the coupling constant, corresponding to different
                      physical distances, allowing the accurate extraction of the
                      static potential from a quantum computer. We demonstrate
                      that results from quantum experiments on the Quantinuum H1-1
                      trapped-ion device and emulator, with full connectivity
                      between qubits, agree with classical noiseless simulations
                      using circuits with 10 and 24 qubits. Moreover, we visualize
                      the electric field flux configurations that mostly
                      contribute in the wave-function of the quantum ground state
                      in the different regimes of the potential, thus giving
                      insights into the mechanisms of confinement and string
                      breaking. These results are a promising step forward in the
                      grand challenge of solving higher dimensional lattice gauge
                      theory problems with quantum computing algorithms.},
      cin          = {$Z_ZPPT$ / CQTA},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_ZPPT-20210408$ / I:(DE-H253)CQTA-20221102},
      pnm          = {611 - Fundamental Particles and Forces (POF4-611)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-611},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25},
      eprint       = {2411.05628},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2411.05628},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2411.05628;\%\%$},
      doi          = {10.1038/s42005-025-02465-8},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/617530},
}