000614737 001__ 614737 000614737 005__ 20250715151505.0 000614737 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1063/4.0000275 000614737 0247_ $$2datacite_doi$$a10.3204/PUBDB-2024-05957 000614737 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:172900646 000614737 0247_ $$2pmid$$a39816474 000614737 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:001396299100001 000614737 0247_ $$2openalex$$aopenalex:W4406213496 000614737 037__ $$aPUBDB-2024-05957 000614737 041__ $$aEnglish 000614737 082__ $$a500 000614737 1001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1006324$$aChapman, Henry N.$$b0$$eCorresponding author 000614737 245__ $$aConvergent-beam attosecond x-ray crystallography 000614737 260__ $$aMelville, NY$$bAIP Publishing LLC$$c2025 000614737 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000614737 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000614737 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1737381320_1513092 000614737 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000614737 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000614737 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000614737 520__ $$aSub-ångström spatial resolution of electron density coupled with sub-femtosecond temporal resolution is required to directly observe the dynamics of the electronic structure of a molecule after photoinitiation or some other ultrafast perturbation. Meeting this challenge, pushing the field of quantum crystallography to attosecond timescales, would bring insights into how the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom couple, enable the study of quantum coherences involved in molecular dynamics, and ultimately enable these dynamics to be controlled. Here we propose to reach this realm by employing convergent-beam X-ray crystallography with high- power attosecond pulses from a hard-X-ray free-electron laser. We show that with dispersive optics, such as multilayer Laue lenses of high numerical aperture, it becomes possible to encode time into the resulting diffraction pattern with deep sub-femtosecond precision. Each snapshot diffraction pattern consists of Bragg streaks that can be mapped back to arrival times and positions of X-rays on the face of a crystal. This can span tens of femtoseconds, and can be finely sampled as we demonstrate experimentally. The approach brings several other advantages, such as an increase of the number of observable reflections in a snapshot diffraction pattern, all fully integrated, to improve the speed and accuracy of serial crystallography—especially for crystals of small molecules. 000614737 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633$$a633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure and Function (POF4-633)$$cPOF4-633$$fPOF IV$$x0 000614737 536__ $$0G:(GEPRIS)390715994$$aDFG project G:(GEPRIS)390715994 - EXC 2056: CUI: Advanced Imaging of Matter (390715994)$$c390715994$$x1 000614737 536__ $$0G:(DE-H253)I-20231166$$aFS-Proposal: I-20231166 (I-20231166)$$cI-20231166$$x2 000614737 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, Journals: bib-pubdb1.desy.de 000614737 693__ $$0EXP:(DE-H253)P-P11-20150101$$1EXP:(DE-H253)PETRAIII-20150101$$6EXP:(DE-H253)P-P11-20150101$$aPETRA III$$fPETRA Beamline P11$$x0 000614737 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1089491$$aLi, Chufeng$$b1 000614737 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1006443$$aBajt, Sasa$$b2 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