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000613581 245__ $$aNeolithic Yersinia pestis infections in humans and a dog
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000613581 520__ $$aYersinia pestis has been infecting humans since the Late Neolithic (LN). Whether those early infections were isolated zoonoses or initiators of a pandemic remains unclear. We report Y. pestis infections in two individuals (of 133) from the LN necropolis at Warburg (Germany, 5300–4900 cal BP). Our analyses show that the two genomes belong to distinct strains and reflect independent infection events. All LN genomes known today (n = 4) are basal in the phylogeny and represent separate lineages that probably originated in different animal hosts. In the LN, an opening of the landscape resulted in the introduction of new rodent species, which may have acted as Y. pestis reservoirs. Coincidentally, the number of dogs increased, possibly leading to Y. pestis infections in canines. Indeed, we detect Y. pestis in an LN dog. Collectively, our data suggest that Y. pestis frequently entered human settlements at the time without causing significant outbreaks. 
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000613581 7001_ $$00000-0003-3677-1504$$aHaller-Caskie, Magdalena$$b1
000613581 7001_ $$00000-0003-0761-9597$$aBonczarowska, Joanna H.$$b2
000613581 7001_ $$00000-0002-1537-3286$$ada Silva, Nicolas A.$$b3
000613581 7001_ $$00000-0002-6136-6087$$aSchierhold, Kerstin$$b4
000613581 7001_ $$aRind, Michael M.$$b5
000613581 7001_ $$00000-0002-8974-449X$$aSchmölcke, Ulrich$$b6
000613581 7001_ $$aKirleis, Wiebke$$b7
000613581 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1093629$$aSondermann, Holger$$b8
000613581 7001_ $$aRinne, Christoph$$b9
000613581 7001_ $$aMüller, Johannes$$b10
000613581 7001_ $$aNebel, Almut$$b11
000613581 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1010151$$aKrause-Kyora, Ben$$b12$$eCorresponding author
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