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@ARTICLE{Maltezopoulos:613067,
      author       = {Maltezopoulos, Theophilos and Brinker, Frank and Dietrich,
                      Florian and Freund, Wolfgang and Grünert, Jan and Jastrow,
                      Ulf Fini and Kujala, Naresh and Laksman, Joakim and Liu, Jia
                      and Tiedtke, Kai and Tschentscher, Thomas},
      title        = {{H}ard {X}-ray operation of {X}-ray gas monitors at the
                      {E}uropean {XFEL}},
      journal      = {Journal of synchrotron radiation},
      volume       = {31},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1600-5775},
      address      = {[Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-05536},
      pages        = {681-689},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {X-ray gas monitors (XGMs) are operated at the European XFEL
                      for non-invasive single-shot pulse energy measurements and
                      average beam-position monitoring. The underlying measurement
                      principle is the photo-ionization of rare gas atoms at low
                      gas pressures and the detection of the photo-ions and
                      photo-electrons created. These are essential for tuning and
                      sustaining self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE)
                      operation, machine radiation safety, and sorting single-shot
                      experimental data according to pulse energy. In this paper,
                      the first results from XGM operation at photon energies up
                      to 30 keV are presented, which are far beyond the original
                      specification of this device. Here, the Huge Aperture
                      MultiPlier (HAMP) is used for single-shot pulse energy
                      measurements since the standard X-ray gas monitor detectors
                      (XGMDs) do not provide a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio,
                      even at the highest operating gas pressures. A single-shot
                      correlation coefficient of 0.98 is measured between
                      consecutive XGMs operated with HAMP, which is as good as
                      measuring with the standard XGMD detectors. An intra-train
                      non-linearity of the HAMP signal is discovered, and
                      operation parameters to mitigate this effect are studied.
                      The upper repetition rate limit of HAMP operation at 2.25
                      MHz is also determined.Finally, the possibilities and limits
                      for future XGM operation at photon energies up to 50 keV are
                      discussed.},
      cin          = {$XFEL_DO_ID_XPD$},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)XFEL_DO_ID_XPD-20210408$},
      pnm          = {631 - Matter – Dynamics, Mechanisms and Control
                      (POF4-631) / 6G13 - Accelerator of European XFEL
                      (POF4-6G13)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-631 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G13},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)XFEL-Exp-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38838164},
      UT           = {WOS:001274892400005},
      doi          = {10.1107/S160057752400331X},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/613067},
}