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@ARTICLE{Zahoor:611278,
      author       = {Zahoor, Rizwan and Bajt, Saša and Šarler, Božidar},
      title        = {{A} {N}umerical {S}tudy of {D}ouble {F}low {F}ocusing
                      {M}icro-{J}ets},
      journal      = {International journal of numerical methods for heat $\&$
                      fluid flow},
      volume       = {35},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {0961-5539},
      address      = {Bradford},
      publisher    = {MCB Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-04885},
      pages        = {1983 - 2003},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Purpose: Double flow focusing nozzles (DFFN) form a coaxial
                      flow of primary liquid with micro-crystalline samples,
                      surrounded by secondary liquid and focusing gas. The paper
                      aims to develop an experimentally validated numerical model
                      and assess the performance of micro-jets from a DFFN as a
                      function of various operating parameters for the
                      water-ethanol-helium system, revealing the jet's stability,
                      diameter, length, and velocity.Design/methodology/approach:
                      The physical model is formulated in the mixture-continuum
                      formulation, which includes coupled mass, momentum, and
                      species transport equations. The model is numerically
                      formulated within the FVM-VOF approach and implemented in
                      OpenFOAM to allow for a non-linear variation of the fluid's
                      material properties as a function of the mixture
                      concentration. The numerical results are compared with the
                      experimental data.Findings: A sensitivity study of jets with
                      Reynolds numbers between 12 and 60, Weber numbers between 4
                      and 120, and capillary numbers between 0.2 and 2.0 was
                      performed. It was observed that jet diameters and lengths
                      get larger with increased primary and secondary fluid flow
                      rates. Increasing gas flow rates produces thinner, shorter,
                      and faster jets. Previously considered pre-mixed and linear
                      mixing models substantially differ from the accurate
                      representation of the water-ethanol mixing dynamics in
                      DFFNs. We demonstrated that Jouyban-Acree mixing model fits
                      the experimental data much better.Originality: The mixing of
                      primary and secondary liquids in the jet produced by DFFN is
                      numerically modelled for the first time. This study provides
                      novel insights into mixing dynamics in such micro-jets,
                      which can be used to improve the design of DFFN nozzles.},
      cin          = {FS-ML},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-ML-20120731},
      pnm          = {633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure
                      and Function (POF4-633) / AIM, DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)390715994 - EXC 2056: CUI: Advanced Imaging of
                      Matter (390715994)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633 / G:(GEPRIS)390715994},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)CFEL-Exp-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001336341500001},
      doi          = {10.1108/HFF-07-2024-0480},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/611278},
}