TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Jichao
AU  - Zhu, Jiexin
AU  - Kang, Liqun
AU  - Zhang, Qing
AU  - Liu, Longxiang
AU  - Guo, Fei
AU  - Li, Kaiqi
AU  - Feng, Jianrui
AU  - Xia, Lixue
AU  - Lv, Lei
AU  - Zong, Wei
AU  - Shearing, Paul R.
AU  - Brett, Dan J. L.
AU  - Parkin, Ivan P.
AU  - Song, Xuedan
AU  - Mai, Liqiang
AU  - He, Guanjie
TI  - Balancing dynamic evolution of active sites for urea oxidation in practical scenarios
JO  - Energy & environmental science
VL  - 16
IS  - 12
SN  - 1754-5692
CY  - Cambridge
PB  - RSC Publ.
M1  - PUBDB-2024-01989
SP  - 6015 - 6025
PY  - 2023
AB  - Electrochemical urea splitting provides a sustainable and environmentally benign route for facilitating energy conversion. Nonetheless, the sustained efficiency of urea splitting is impeded by a scarcity of active sites during extended operational periods. Herein, an atomic heterostructure engineering strategy is proposed to promote the generation of active species via synthesizing unique Ru–O<sub>4</sub> coordinated single atom catalysts anchored on Ni hydroxide (Ru<sub>1</sub>–Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>), with ultralow Ru loading mass of 40.6 μg cm<sup>−2</sup> on the nickel foam for commercial feasibility. Leveraging in situ spectroscopic characterizations, the structure-performance relationship in low and high urea concentrations was investigated and exhibited extensive universality. The boosted generation of dynamic Ni<sup>3+</sup> active sites ensures outstanding activity and prominent long-term durability tests in various practical scenarios, including 100 h Zn–urea–air battery operation, 100 h alkaline urine electrolysis, and over 400 h stable hydrogen production in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system under industrial-level current density. 
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:001094835700001
DO  - DOI:10.1039/D3EE03258B
UR  - https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/607686
ER  -