%0 Journal Article
%A Zhang, Jichao
%A Zhu, Jiexin
%A Kang, Liqun
%A Zhang, Qing
%A Liu, Longxiang
%A Guo, Fei
%A Li, Kaiqi
%A Feng, Jianrui
%A Xia, Lixue
%A Lv, Lei
%A Zong, Wei
%A Shearing, Paul R.
%A Brett, Dan J. L.
%A Parkin, Ivan P.
%A Song, Xuedan
%A Mai, Liqiang
%A He, Guanjie
%T Balancing dynamic evolution of active sites for urea oxidation in practical scenarios
%J Energy & environmental science
%V 16
%N 12
%@ 1754-5692
%C Cambridge
%I RSC Publ.
%M PUBDB-2024-01989
%P 6015 - 6025
%D 2023
%X Electrochemical urea splitting provides a sustainable and environmentally benign route for facilitating energy conversion. Nonetheless, the sustained efficiency of urea splitting is impeded by a scarcity of active sites during extended operational periods. Herein, an atomic heterostructure engineering strategy is proposed to promote the generation of active species via synthesizing unique Ru–O<sub>4</sub> coordinated single atom catalysts anchored on Ni hydroxide (Ru<sub>1</sub>–Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>), with ultralow Ru loading mass of 40.6 μg cm<sup>−2</sup> on the nickel foam for commercial feasibility. Leveraging in situ spectroscopic characterizations, the structure-performance relationship in low and high urea concentrations was investigated and exhibited extensive universality. The boosted generation of dynamic Ni<sup>3+</sup> active sites ensures outstanding activity and prominent long-term durability tests in various practical scenarios, including 100 h Zn–urea–air battery operation, 100 h alkaline urine electrolysis, and over 400 h stable hydrogen production in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system under industrial-level current density. 
%F PUB:(DE-HGF)16
%9 Journal Article
%U <Go to ISI:>//WOS:001094835700001
%R 10.1039/D3EE03258B
%U https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/607686