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@ARTICLE{Reichmann:605023,
      author       = {Reichmann, Jakob and Ruhwedel, Torben and Möbius, Wiebke
                      and Salditt, Tim},
      title        = {{N}eodymium acetate as a contrast agent for {X}-ray
                      phase-contrast tomography},
      journal      = {Journal of medical imaging},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {05},
      issn         = {2329-4302},
      address      = {[Bellingham, Wash.]},
      publisher    = {SPIE},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-01298},
      pages        = {056001},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Purpose: X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) is a
                      non-destructive, three-dimensional imaging modality that
                      provides higher contrast in soft tissue than
                      absorption-based CT and allows one to cover the
                      cytoarchitecture from the centi- and millimeter scale down
                      to the nanoscale. To further increase contrast and
                      resolution of XPCT, for example, in view of addressing
                      connectivity issues in the central nervous system (CNS),
                      metal staining is indispensable. However, currently used
                      protocols, for example, based on osmium and/or uranium are
                      less suited for XPCT, due to an excessive β / δ-ratio. In
                      this work, we explore the suitability of different staining
                      agents for XPCT. Particularly, neodymium(III)-acetate
                      (NdAc), which has recently been proposed as a non-toxic,
                      non-radioactive easy to use alternative contrast agent for
                      uranyl acetate (UAc) in electron microscopy, is
                      investigated. Due to its vertical proximity to UAc in the
                      periodic table, similar chemical but better suited optical
                      properties for phase contrast can be
                      expected.Approach:Differently stained whole eye samples of
                      wild type mouse and tissues of the CNS are embedded into
                      EPON epoxy resin and scanned using synchrotron as well as
                      with laboratory radiation. Phase retrieval is performed on
                      the projection images, followed by tomographic
                      reconstruction, which enables a quantitative analysis based
                      on the reconstructed electron densities. Segmentation
                      techniques and rendering software is used to visualize
                      structures of interest in the sample.Results:We show that
                      staining neuronal samples with NdAc enhances contrast, in
                      particular for laboratory scans, allowing high-resolution
                      imaging of biological soft tissue in-house. For the example
                      of murine retina, specifically rods and cones as well as the
                      sclera and the Ganglion cell layer seem to be targeted by
                      the stain. A comparison of electron density by the
                      evaluation of histograms allowed to determine quantitative
                      measures to describe the difference between the examined
                      stains.Conclusion:The results suggest NdAc to be an
                      effective stain for XPCT, with a preferential binding to
                      anionic groups, such as phosphate and carboxyl groups at
                      cell surfaces, targeting certain layers of the retina with a
                      stronger selectivity compared to other staining agents. Due
                      to the advantageous X-ray optical properties, the stain
                      seems particularly well-suited for phase contrast, with a
                      comparably small number density and an overall superior
                      image quality at laboratory sources.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / DFG project 390729940 -
                      EXC 2067: Multiscale Bioimaging: Von molekularen Maschinen
                      zu Netzwerken erregbarer Zellen (390729940)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(GEPRIS)390729940},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P10-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37885921},
      UT           = {WOS:001104933900020},
      doi          = {10.1117/1.JMI.10.5.056001},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/605023},
}