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@ARTICLE{Mariette:603123,
      author       = {Mariette, Jérôme and Blanchard, Odile and Berné, Olivier
                      and Aumont, Olivier and Carrey, Julian and Ligozat,
                      AnneLaure and Lellouch, Emmanuel and Roche,
                      Philippe-Emmanuel and Guennebaud, Gaël and Thanwerdas, Joel
                      and Bardou, Philippe and Salin, Gérald and Maigne, Elise
                      and Servan, Sophie and Ben-Ari, Tamara},
      title        = {{A}n open-source tool to assess the carbon footprint of
                      research},
      journal      = {Environmental research: infrastructure and sustainability},
      volume       = {2},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2634-4505},
      address      = {[Bristol]},
      publisher    = {IOP Publishing},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2024-00768},
      pages        = {035008},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The scrutiny over the carbon footprint of research and
                      higher education has increased rapidly in the last few
                      years. This has resulted in a series of publications
                      providing various estimates of the carbon footprint of one
                      or several research activities, principally at the scale of
                      a university or a research center or, more recently, a field
                      of research. The variety of tools or methodologies on which
                      these estimates rely unfortunately prevents any aggregation
                      or direct comparison. This is because carbon footprint
                      assessments are very sensitive to key parameters (e.g.,
                      emission factors) or hypotheses (e.g., scopes). Hence, it is
                      impossible to address fundamental questions such as: is the
                      carbon footprint of research structurally different between
                      disciplines? Are plane trips a major source of carbon
                      emissions in academic research? Massive collection and
                      curation of carbon footprint data, across a large array of
                      research situations and disciplines, is hence an important,
                      timely and necessary challenge to answer these questions.
                      This paper presents a framework to collect and analyse large
                      amounts of homogeneous research carbon emission data in a
                      network of research entities at the national scale. It
                      relies on an open-source web application, GES 1point5,
                      designed to estimate the carbon footprint of a department,
                      research lab or team in any country of the world.
                      Importantly, GES 1point5 is also designed to aggregate all
                      input data and corresponding GHG emissions estimates into a
                      comprehensive database. GES 1point5 therefore enables (i)
                      the identification of robust local or national determinants
                      of the carbon footprint of research and (ii) the estimation
                      of the carbon footprint of the entire research sector at
                      national scale. A preliminary analysis of the carbon
                      footprint of more than one hundred laboratories in France is
                      presented to illustrate the potential of the framework. It
                      shows that the average emissions are 479 t CO$_2$e for a
                      research lab and 3.6 t CO$_2$e for an average lab member
                      (respectively 404 and 3.1 t CO$_2$e without accounting for
                      the indirect radiative effects of aviation), with the
                      current scope of GES 1point5. Availability and
                      implementation: GES 1point5 is available online at
                      http://labos1point5.org/ges-1point5 and its source code can
                      be downloaded from the GitLab platform at
                      https://framagit.org/labos1point5/l1p5-vuejs.},
      cin          = {IT},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)IT-20120731},
      pnm          = {623 - Data Management and Analysis (POF4-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-623},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)TIER-II-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001059333200001},
      doi          = {10.1088/2634-4505/ac84a4},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/603123},
}