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@ARTICLE{Diehl:598042,
      author       = {Diehl, Inge and Hansen, K. and Vanat, T. and Vignola, G.
                      and Feindt, F. and Rastorguev, D. and Spannagel, S.},
      title        = {{M}onolithic {MH}z-frame rate digital {S}i{PM}-{IC} with
                      sub-100 ps precision and 70$~\mu$m pixel pitch},
      journal      = {Journal of Instrumentation},
      volume       = {19},
      number       = {01},
      issn         = {1748-0221},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Inst. of Physics},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2023-06729, arXiv:2311.13220},
      pages        = {P01020},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table},
      abstract     = {This paper presents the design and characterization of a
                      monolithic integrated circuit (IC) including digital silicon
                      photomultipliers (dSiPMs) arranged in a 32$~\times~$32 pixel
                      matrix at 70$~\mu$m pitch. The IC provides per-quadrant time
                      stamping and hit-map readout, and is fabricated in a
                      standard 150-nm CMOS technology. Each dSiPM pixel consists
                      of four single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) sharing a
                      quenching and subsequent processing circuitry and has a fill
                      factor of 30$~\\%$. A sub-100$~$ps precision, 12-bit
                      time-to-digital converter (TDC) provides timestamps per
                      quadrant with an acquisition rate of 3$~$MHz. Together with
                      the hit map, the total sustained data throughput of the IC
                      amounts to 4$~$Gbps. Measurements obtained in a dark,
                      temperature-stable environment as well as by using a pulsed
                      laser environment show the full dSiPM-IC functionality. The
                      dark-count rate (DCR) as function of the overvoltage and
                      temperature, the TDC resolution, differential and integral
                      nonlinearity (DNL/INL) as well as the propagation-delay
                      variations across the matrix are presented. With aid of
                      additional peripheral test structures, the main building
                      blocks are characterized and key parameters are presented.},
      cin          = {FE / ATLAS / CMS},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FE-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)ATLAS-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)CMS-20120731},
      pnm          = {611 - Fundamental Particles and Forces (POF4-611)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-611},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      eprint       = {2311.13220},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2311.13220},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2311.13220;\%\%$},
      UT           = {WOS:001167320400004},
      doi          = {10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/P01020},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/598042},
}