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@ARTICLE{Aharonian:587042,
      author       = {Aharonian, F. and Ait Benkhali, F. and Arcaro, C. and
                      Aschersleben, J. and Backes, M. and Barbosa Martins, V. and
                      Batzofin, R. and Becherini, Y. and Berge, D. and Bernlöhr,
                      K. and Bi, B. and Böttcher, M. and Boisson, C. and Bolmont,
                      J. and Borowska, J. and Bradascio, F. and Breuhaus, M. and
                      Brose, R. and Brun, F. and Bruno, B. and Bulik, T. and
                      Burger-Scheidlin, C. and Bylund, T. and Caroff, S. and
                      Casanova, S. and Cecil, R. and Celic, J. and Cerruti, M. and
                      Chand, T. and Chandra, S. and Chen, A. and Chibueze, J. and
                      Chibueze, O. and Cotter, G. and Damascene Mbarubucyeye, J.
                      and Djannati-Ataï, A. and Egberts, K. and Ernenwein, J.-P.
                      and Fichet de Clairfontaine, G. and Filipovic, M. and
                      Fontaine, G. and Füßling, M. and Funk, S. and Gabici, S.
                      and Ghafourizadeh, S. and Giavitto, G. and Glawion, D. and
                      Glicenstein, J. F. and Goswami, P. and Grolleron, G. and
                      Grondin, M.-H. and Haerer, L. and Haupt, M. and Hermann, G.
                      and Hinton, J. A. and Holch, T. L. and Horns, D. and
                      Jamrozy, M. and Jankowsky, F. and Joshi, V. and
                      Jung-Richardt, I. and Kasai, E. and Katarzyński, K. and
                      Khatoon, R. and Khélifi, B. and Kluźniak, W. and Komin,
                      Nu. and Kosack, K. and Kostunin, D. and Lang, R. G. and Le
                      Stum, S. and Leitl, F. and Lemière, A. and Lemoine-Goumard,
                      M. and Lenain, J.-P. and Leuschner, F. and Lohse, T. and
                      Luashvili, A. and Lypova, I. and Mackey, J. and Malyshev, D.
                      and Malyshev, D. and Marandon, V. and Marchegiani, P. and
                      Marcowith, A. and Marinos, P. and Martí-Devesa, G. and
                      Marx, R. and Meyer, M. and Mitchell, A. and Moderski, R. and
                      Mohrmann, L. and Montanari, A. and Moulin, E. and Muller, J.
                      and Nakashima, K. and de Naurois, M. and Niemiec, J. and
                      Priyana Noel, A. and O’Brien, P. and Ohm, S. and
                      Olivera-Nieto, L. and de Ona Wilhelmi, E. and Panny, S. and
                      Panter, M. and Parsons, R. D. and Peron, G. and Pita, S. and
                      Prokhorov, D. A. and Prokoph, H. and Pühlhofer, G. and
                      Punch, M. and Quirrenbach, A. and Reichherzer, P. and
                      Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Renaud, M. and Rieger, F. and
                      Rowell, G. and Rudak, B. and Ruiz-Velasco, E. and Sahakian,
                      V. and Salzmann, H. and Sanchez, D. A. and Santangelo, A.
                      and Sasaki, M. and Schäfer, J. and Schüssler, F. and
                      Schwanke, U. and Shapopi, J. N. S. and Sol, H. and
                      Specovius, A. and Spencer, S. and Stawarz, Ł. and
                      Steenkamp, R. and Steinmassl, S. and Steppa, C. and Sushch,
                      I. and Suzuki, H. and Takahashi, T. and Tanaka, T. and
                      Taylor, A. M. and Terrier, R. and Tsirou, M. and Tsuji, N.
                      and Uchiyama, Y. and van Eldik, C. and van Soelen, B. and
                      Vecchi, M. and Veh, J. and Venter, C. and Vink, J. and Wach,
                      T. and Wagner, S. J. and White, R. and Wierzcholska, A. and
                      Wong, Y. W. and Zacharias, M. and Zargaryan, D. and
                      Zdziarski, A. A. and Zech, A. and Zouari, S. and Żywucka,
                      N.},
      collaboration = {{HESS collaboration}},
      title        = {{C}onstraining the cosmic-ray pressure in the inner {V}irgo
                      {C}luster using {H}.{E}.{S}.{S}. observations of {M} 87},
      journal      = {Astronomy and astrophysics},
      volume       = {675},
      issn         = {0004-6361},
      address      = {Les Ulis},
      publisher    = {EDP Sciences},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2023-04110, arXiv:2305.09607},
      pages        = {A138},
      year         = {2023},
      note         = {$A\&A$ 675, A138 (2023). 15 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for
                      publication in $A\&A.$ Corresponding authors: Victor Barbosa
                      Martins, Stefan Ohm, Cornelia Arcaro, Natalia Żywucka,
                      Mathieu de Naurois},
      abstract     = {The origin of the gamma-ray emission from M87 is currently
                      a matter of debate. This work aims to localize the VHE (100
                      GeV-100 TeV) gamma-ray emission from M87 and probe a
                      potential extended hadronic emission component in the inner
                      Virgo Cluster. The search for a steady and extended
                      gamma-ray signal around M87 can constrain the cosmic-ray
                      energy density and the pressure exerted by the cosmic rays
                      onto the intra-cluster medium, and allow us to investigate
                      the role of the cosmic rays in the active galactic nucleus
                      feedback as a heating mechanism in the Virgo Cluster.
                      H.E.S.S. telescopes are sensitive to VHE gamma rays and have
                      been utilized to observe M87 since 2004. We utilized a
                      Bayesian block analysis to identify M87 emission states with
                      H.E.S.S. observations from 2004 until 2021, dividing them
                      into low, intermediate, and high states. Because of the
                      causality argument, an extended ($\gtrsim$kpc) signal is
                      allowed only in steady emission states. Hence, we fitted the
                      morphology of the 120h low state data and found no
                      significant gamma-ray extension. Therefore, we derived for
                      the low state an upper limit of 58'(corresponding to
                      $\approx$4.6kpc) in the extension of a single-component
                      morphological model described by a rotationally symmetric 2D
                      Gaussian model at 99.7\% confidence level. Our results
                      exclude the radio lobes ($\approx$30 kpc) as the principal
                      component of the VHE gamma-ray emission from the low state
                      of M87. The gamma-ray emission is compatible with a single
                      emission region at the radio core of M87. These results,
                      with the help of two multiple-component models, constrain
                      the maximum cosmic-ray to thermal pressure ratio
                      $X_{{CR,max.}}$$\lesssim$$0.32$ and the total energy in
                      cosmic-ray protons (CRp) to
                      $U_{CR}$$\lesssim$5$\times10^{58}$ erg in the inner 20kpc of
                      the Virgo Cluster for an assumed CRp power-law distribution
                      in momentum with spectral index $\alpha_{p}$=2.1.},
      keywords     = {gamma ray: emission (INSPIRE) / gamma ray: VHE (INSPIRE) /
                      p: cosmic radiation (INSPIRE) / cosmic radiation: energy
                      (INSPIRE) / cosmic radiation: pressure (INSPIRE) / energy:
                      density (INSPIRE) / VIRGO (INSPIRE) / cluster (INSPIRE) /
                      radio wave (INSPIRE) / gamma ray: energy spectrum (INSPIRE)
                      / HESS (INSPIRE) / AGN (INSPIRE) / power spectrum (INSPIRE)
                      / causality (INSPIRE) / feedback (INSPIRE) / thermal
                      (INSPIRE) / Bayesian (INSPIRE) / rotation (INSPIRE) / TeV
                      (INSPIRE)},
      cin          = {ZEU-HESS / $Z_HESS$},
      ddc          = {520},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)ZEU-HESS-20140213 /
                      $I:(DE-H253)Z_HESS-20210408$},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)HESS-20170101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      eprint       = {2305.09607},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2305.09607},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2305.09607;\%\%$},
      UT           = {WOS:001033560900005},
      doi          = {10.1051/0004-6361/202346056},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/587042},
}