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@ARTICLE{Abe:586997,
author = {Abe, H. and Abe, S. and Acciari, V. A. and Agudo, I. and
Aniello, T. and Ansoldi, S. and Antonelli, L. A. and Engels,
A. Arbet and Arcaro, C. and Artero, M. and Asano, K. and
Baack, D. and Babic, A. and Baquero, A. and de Almeida, U.
Barres and Barrio, J. A. and Batkovic, I. and Baxter, J. and
Becerra Gonzalez, J. and Bednarek, W. and Bernardini, E. and
Bernardos, M. and Berti, A. and Besenrieder, J. and
Bhattacharyya, W. and Bigongiari, C. and Biland, A. and
Blanch, O. and Bonnoli, G. and Bosnjak, Z. and Burelli, I.
and Busetto, G. and Carosi, R. and Carretero-Castrillo, M.
and Castro-Tirado, A. J. and Ceribella, G. and Chai, Y. and
Chilingarian, A. and Cikota, S. and Colombo, E. and
Contreras, J. L. and Cortina, J. and Covino, S. and D'Amico,
G. and D'Elia, V. and Da Vela, P. and Dazzi, F. and De
Angelis, A. and De Lotto, B. and Del Popolo, A. and Delfino,
M. and Delgado, J. and Mendez, C. Delgado and Depaoli, D.
and Di Pierro, F. and Di Venere, L. and Do Souto Espineira,
E. and Dominis Prester, D. and Donini, A. and Dorner, D. and
Doro, M. and Elsaesser, D. and Emery, G. and Escudero, J.
and Fallah Ramazani, V. and Farina, L. and Fattorini, A. and
Foffano, L. and Font, L. and Fruck, C. and Fukami, S. and
Fukazawa, Y. and Lopez, R. J. Garcia and Garczarczyk, M. and
Gaug, M. and Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht and Giglietto, N. and
Giordano, F. and Gliwny, P. and Godinovic, N. and Grau, R.
and Green, D. and Green, J. G. and Hadasch, D. and Hahn, A.
and Hassan, T. and Heckmann, L. and Herrera, J. and Hrupec,
D. and Hutten, M. and Imazawa, R. and Inada, T. and Iotov,
R. and Ishio, K. and Martınez, I. Jimenez and Jormanainen,
J. and Kerszberg, D. and Kobayashi, Y. and Kubo, H. and
Kushida, J. and Lamastra, A. and Lelas, D. and Leone, F. and
Lindfors, E. and Linhoff, L. and Lombardi, S. and Longo, F.
and Lopez-Coto, R. and Lopez-Moya, M. and Lopez-Oramas, A.
and Loporchio, S. and Lorini, A. and Lyard, E. and de
Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado and Majumdar, P. and Makariev, M.
and Maneva, G. and Mang, N. and Manganaro, M. and Mangano,
S. and Mannheim, K. and Mariotti, M. and Martínez, M. and
Mas-Aguilar, A. and Mazin, D. and Menchiari, S. and Mender,
S. and Micanovic, S. and Miceli, D. and Miener, T. and
Miranda, J. M. and Mirzoyan, R. and Molina, E. and Mondal,
H. A. and Moralejo, A. and Morcuende, D. and Moreno, V. and
Nakamori, T. and Nanci, C. and Nava, L. and Neustroev, V.
and Nievas Rosillo, M. and Nigro, C. and Nilsson, K. and
Nishijima, K. and Ekoume, T. Njoh and Noda, K. and Nozaki,
S. and Ohtani, Y. and Oka, T. and Okumura, A. and
Otero-Santos, J. and Paiano, S. and Palatiello, M. and
Paneque, D. and Paoletti, R. and Paredes, J. M. and
Pavletic, L. and Persic, M. and Pihet, M. and Pirola, G. and
Podobnik, F. and Prada Moroni, P. G. and Prandini, E. and
Principe, G. and Priyadarshi, C. and Rhode, W. and Ribo, M.
and Rico, J. and Righi, C. and Rugliancich, A. and Sahakyan,
N. and Saito, T. and Sakurai, S. and Satalecka, K. and
Saturni, F. G. and Schleicher, B. and Schmidt, K. and
Schmuckermaier, F. and Schubert, J. L. and Schweizer, T. and
Sitarek, J. and Sliusar, V. and Sobczynska, D. and Spolon,
A. and Stamerra, A. and Striškovic, J. and Strom, D. and
Strzys, M. and Suda, Y. and Suric, T. and Tajima, H. and
Takahashi, M. and Takeishi, R. and Tavecchio, F. and
Temnikov, P. and Terauchi, K. and Terzic, T. and Teshima, M.
and Tosti, L. and Truzzi, S. and Tutone, A. and Ubach, S.
and van Scherpenberg, J. and Vazquez Acosta, M. and Ventura,
S. and Verguilov, V. and Viale, I. and Vigorito, C. F. and
Vitale, V. and Vovk, I. and Walter, R. and Will, M. and
Wunderlich, C. and Yamamoto, T. and Zaric, D. and Cerruti,
M. and Acosta-Pulido, J. A. and Lopez, R. J. Garcıa and
Striskovic, J. and Apolonio, G. and Bachev, R. and
Baloković, M. and Benítez, E. and Björklund, I. and
Bozhilov, V. and Brown, L. F. and Bugg, A. and Carbonell, W.
and Carnerero, M. I. and Carosati, D. and Casadio, C. and
Chamani, W. and Chen, W. P. and Chigladze, R. A. and
Damljanovic, G. and Epps, K. and Erkenov, A. and Feige, M.
and Finke, J. and Fuentes, A. and Gazeas, K. and Giroletti,
M. and Grishina, T. S. and Gupta, A. C. and Gurwell, , M. A.
and Heidemann, E. and Hiriart, D. and Hou, W. J. and
Hovatta, T. and Ibryamov, S. and Joner, M. D. and Gasparyan,
S. and Kania, J. and Kiehlmann, S. and Kimeridze, G. N. and
Kopatskaya, E. N. and Kopp, M. and Korte, M. and Kotas, B.
and Koyama, S. and Kramer, J. A. and Kunkel, L. and
Kurtanidze, S. O. and Kurtanidze, O. M. and Lähteenmäki,
A. and López, J. M. and Larionov, V. M. and Larionova, E.
G. and Larionova, L. V. and Leto, C. and Lorey, C. and
Mújica, R. and Madejski, G. M. and Marchili, N. and
Marscher, A. P. and Minev, M. and Modaressi, A. and
Morozova, D. A. and Mufakharov, T. and Myserlis, I. and
Nikiforova, A. A. and Nikolashvili, M. G. and Ovcharov, E.
and Perri, M. and Raiteri, C. M. and Readhead, A. C. S. and
Reimer, A. and Reinhart, D. and Righini, S. and Rosenlehner,
K. and Sadun, A. C. and Savchenko, S. S. and Scherbantin, A.
and Schneider, L. and Schoch, K. and Seifert, D. and Semkov,
E. and Sigua, L. A. and Singh, C. and Sola, P. and
Sotnikova, Y. and Spencer, M. and Steineke, R. and
Stojanovic, M. and Strigachev, A. and Tornikoski, M. and
Traianou, E. and Tramacere, A. and Troitskaya, Yu. V. and
Troitskiy, I. S. and Trump, J. B. and Tsai, A. and Valcheva,
A. and Vasilyev, A. A. and Verrecchia, F. and Villata, M.
and Vince, O. and Vrontaki, K. and Weaver, Z. R. and
Zaharieva, E. and Zottmann, N.},
collaboration = {{MAGIC Collaboration}},
title = {{M}ultimessenger {C}haracterization of {M}arkarian 501
during {H}istorically {L}ow {X}-{R}ay and $γ$-{R}ay
{A}ctivity},
reportid = {PUBDB-2023-04081, arXiv:2210.02547},
year = {2023},
note = {55 pages, 30 figures, 14 tables, accepted by APJS.
Corresponding authors are L. Heckmann, D. Paneque, S.
Gasparyan, M. Cerruti, and N. Sahakyan},
abstract = {We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using
multiwavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed
with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others,
MAGIC, Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), NuSTAR, Swift,
GASP-WEBT, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Mrk 501
showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help
to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant
flux variations are detected at all wave bands, with the
highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE)
γ-rays. A significant correlation (>3σ) between X-rays and
VHE γ-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to
explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low
activity. This is further supported when we extend our data
from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time,
significant correlations between the Swift X-Ray Telescope
and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between
high-energy γ-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by
more than 100 days, placing the γ-ray emission zone
upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet.
Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in
X-rays and VHE γ-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a
stable VHE flux (>0.2 TeV) of $5\%$ the emission of the Crab
Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of
this 2 yr long low state, the potential baseline emission of
Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models,
and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux
constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of
the SED toward the low state, revealing that the stable
baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and
the variable emission to an additional expanding or
traveling shock.},
cin = {$Z_MAGIC$},
ddc = {520},
cid = {$I:(DE-H253)Z_MAGIC-20210408$},
pnm = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613},
experiment = {EXP:(DE-H253)MAGIC-20170101},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25},
eprint = {2210.02547},
howpublished = {arXiv:2210.02547},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2210.02547;\%\%$},
url = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/586997},
}
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