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@ARTICLE{Kaufmann:491347,
      author       = {Kaufmann, Florian and Forster, Carola and Hummel, Marc and
                      Olowinsky, Alexander and Beckmann, Felix and Moosmann,
                      Julian and Roth, Stephan and Schmidt, Michael},
      title        = {{C}haracterization of {V}apor {C}apillary {G}eometry in
                      {L}aser {B}eam {W}elding of {C}opper with 515 nm and 1030 nm
                      {L}aser {B}eam {S}ources by {M}eans of {I}n {S}itu
                      {S}ynchrotron {X}-ray {I}maging},
      journal      = {Metals},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2075-4701},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2023-00102},
      pages        = {135},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Laser welding of copper is being used with increasing
                      demand for contacting applications in electric components
                      such as batteries, power electronics, and electric drives.
                      With its local, non-contact energy input and high automation
                      capability enabling reproducible weld quality, this joining
                      technology represents a key enabler of future mobility
                      systems. However, a major challenge in process design is the
                      combination of energy efficiency and precise process
                      guidance in terms of weld seam depth and defect prevention
                      (i.e., spatter and melt ejections) due to the high
                      electrical and thermal conductivity of copper. High-power
                      lasers in the near infrared wavelength range (𝜆 ≈ 1
                      μm) and excellent beam quality provide an established
                      joining solution for this purpose; nevertheless, the low
                      absorptivity $(≤5\%)$ advocates novel beam sources at
                      visible wavelengths due to altered absorptivity $(40\%$ at
                      515 nm) characteristics as an improved tool. In order to
                      understand the influence of laser wavelength and process
                      parameters on the vapor capillary geometry, in situ
                      synchrotron investigations on Cu-ETP with 515 nm and 1030 nm
                      laser sources with the same spot diameter are compared. The
                      material phase contrast analysis was successfully used to
                      distinguish keyhole and melt pool phase boundaries during
                      the welding process. A significantly different sensitivity
                      of the keyhole depth in relation to the feed rate was found,
                      which is increased for the infrared laser. This behavior
                      could be attributed to the increased effect of multiple
                      reflections at 1030 nm.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3) / FS-Proposal: I-20191140
                      (I-20191140) / SFB 1120 A01 - Steuerung von Geometrie und
                      Metallurgie beim Laserstrahl-Mikroschweißen durch
                      Beeinflussung der Schmelzbaddynamik über örtlich und
                      zeitlich angepassten Energieeintrag (A01) (260036706)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3 / G:(DE-H253)I-20191140 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)260036706},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P07-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000918947900001},
      doi          = {10.3390/met13010135},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/491347},
}