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000474839 1001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1026627$$aLoisch, Gregor$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000474839 245__ $$aDirect Measurement of Photocathode Time Response in a High-Brightness Photoinjector
000474839 260__ $$aMelville, NY$$bAmerican Inst. of Physics$$c2022
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000474839 520__ $$aElectron photoinjectors provide high-brightness electron beams to numerous research applications in physics, chemistry, material, and life sciences. Semiconductor photocathodes are widely used here, as they enable the production of low-emittance beams with variable charge at high repetition rates. One of the key figures of merit of photocathodes is the minimum achievable bunch length. In semiconductor cathodes, this is dominated by scattering effects and varying penetration depths of the extracting photons, which leads to a characteristic electron emission function. We present a method to determine this cathode time response with resolution on the tens of femtoseconds level, breaking the resolution barrier encountered in previous studies. The method is demonstrated with cesium-telluride (Cs$_2$Te) and gold cathodes, revealing response times of (184 ± 41) fs up to (253 ± 58) fs for the semiconductor and an upper limit of (93 ± 17) fs for the metal. Monte Carlo simulations of Cs$_2$Te emission benchmarked to these results give detailed information about the cathode material. 
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000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1031145$$aChen, Ye Lining$$b1
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1080893$$aKoschitzki, Christian$$b2
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1030052$$aQian, Houjun$$b3
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1013620$$aGross, Matthias$$b4
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHannah, Adrian$$b5
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1088516$$aHoffmann, Andreas$$b6
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1015089$$aKalantaryan, Davit$$b7
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1004128$$aKrasilnikov, Mikhail$$b8
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1005695$$aLederer, Sven$$b9
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1081485$$aLi, Xiangkun$$b10
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1023202$$aLishilin, Osip$$b11
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1004130$$aMelkumyan, David$$b12
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007172$$aMonaco, Laura$$b13
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1032458$$aNiemczyk, Raffael$$b14
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1011785$$aOppelt, Anne$$b15
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007171$$aSertore, Daniele$$b16
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000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aValizadeh, Reza$$b18
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007520$$aVashchenko, Grygorii$$b19
000474839 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1088945$$aWeilbach, Tobias$$b20
000474839 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1469436-0$$a10.1063/5.0078927$$p104102$$tApplied physics letters$$v120$$x0003-6951$$y2022
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