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@ARTICLE{Sterpka:474239,
      author       = {Sterpka, C. and Dwyer, J. and Liu, N. and Hare, B. M. and
                      Scholten, O. and Buitink, S. and Veen, S. ter and Nelles,
                      A.},
      title        = {{T}he {S}pontaneous {N}ature of {L}ightning {I}nitiation
                      {R}evealed},
      journal      = {Geophysical research letters},
      volume       = {48},
      number       = {23},
      issn         = {0094-8276},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2022-00619},
      pages        = {GL095511},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Here, we present new radio interferometer beamforming
                      observations of lightning initiation using data from the
                      Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR). We show that the first
                      lightning source in the flash increases exponentially in
                      intensity by two orders of magnitude in 15 μs, while
                      propagating 88 m away from the initiation location at a
                      constant speed of 4.8 ± 0.1 × 10$^6$ m/s. A second source
                      replaces the first source at the initiation location, and
                      subsequent propagation of the lightning leader follows. We
                      interpret the first source to be a rapidly propagating and
                      intensifying positive streamer discharge that subsequently
                      produces a hot leader channel near the initiation point. How
                      lightning initiates is one of the greatest unsolved problems
                      in the atmospheric sciences, and these results shed light on
                      this longstanding mystery.},
      cin          = {Z-RAD},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)Z-RAD-20210408},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)External-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000730019700047},
      doi          = {10.1029/2021GL095511},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/474239},
}