% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Hare:473740,
      author       = {Hare, Brian M. and Edens, Harald and Krehbiel, Paul and
                      Rison, William and Scholten, O. and Buitink, S. and
                      Corstanje, A. and Falcke, H. and Hörandel, J. R. and Huege,
                      Tim and Krampah, G. K. and Mitra, P. and Mulrey, K. and
                      Nelles, Anna and Pandya, Hershal and Rachen, J. P. and
                      Thoudam, S. and Trinh, T. N. and ter Veen, S. and Winchen,
                      Tobias},
      title        = {{T}iming {C}alibration and {W}indowing {T}echnique
                      {C}omparison for {L}ightning {M}apping {A}rrays},
      journal      = {Earth and Space Science},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {2333-5084},
      address      = {Malden, Mass.},
      publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2022-00220},
      pages        = {2020EA001523},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Since their introduction 22 years ago, lightning mapping
                      arrays (LMA) have played a central role in the investigation
                      of lightning physics. Even in recent years with the
                      proliferation of digital interferometers and the
                      introduction of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio
                      telescope, LMAs still play an important role in lightning
                      science. LMA networks use a simple windowing technique that
                      records the highest pulse in either 80 μs or 10 μs fixed
                      windows in order to apply a time-of-arrival location
                      technique. In this work, we develop an LMA-emulator that
                      uses lightning data recorded by LOFAR to simulate an LMA,
                      and we use it to test three new styles of pulse windowing.
                      We show that they produce very similar results as the more
                      traditional LMA windowing, implying that LMA lightning
                      mapping results are relatively independent of windowing
                      technique. In addition, each LMA station has its
                      GPS-conditioned clock. While the timing accuracy of GPS
                      receivers has improved significantly over the years, they
                      still significantly limit the timing measurements of the
                      LMA. Recently, new time-of-arrival techniques have been
                      introduced that can be used to self-calibrate systematic
                      offsets between different receiving stations. Applying this
                      calibration technique to a set of data with 32 ns
                      uncertainty, observed by the Colorado LMA, improves the
                      timing uncertainty to 19 ns. This technique is not limited
                      to LMAs and could be used to help calibrate future
                      multi-station lightning interferometers.},
      cin          = {ZEU-EXP/AT / Z-RAD},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)ZEU-EXP_AT-20120731$ /
                      I:(DE-H253)Z-RAD-20210408},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)External-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {34435079},
      UT           = {WOS:000677816100021},
      doi          = {10.1029/2020EA001523},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/473740},
}