TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hare, Brian M.
AU  - Edens, Harald
AU  - Krehbiel, Paul
AU  - Rison, William
AU  - Scholten, O.
AU  - Buitink, S.
AU  - Corstanje, A.
AU  - Falcke, H.
AU  - Hörandel, J. R.
AU  - Huege, Tim
AU  - Krampah, G. K.
AU  - Mitra, P.
AU  - Mulrey, K.
AU  - Nelles, Anna
AU  - Pandya, Hershal
AU  - Rachen, J. P.
AU  - Thoudam, S.
AU  - Trinh, T. N.
AU  - ter Veen, S.
AU  - Winchen, Tobias
TI  - Timing Calibration and Windowing Technique Comparison for Lightning Mapping Arrays
JO  - Earth and Space Science
VL  - 8
IS  - 7
SN  - 2333-5084
CY  - Malden, Mass.
PB  - American Geophysical Union
M1  - PUBDB-2022-00220
SP  - 2020EA001523
PY  - 2021
AB  - Since their introduction 22 years ago, lightning mapping arrays (LMA) have played a central role in the investigation of lightning physics. Even in recent years with the proliferation of digital interferometers and the introduction of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope, LMAs still play an important role in lightning science. LMA networks use a simple windowing technique that records the highest pulse in either 80 μs or 10 μs fixed windows in order to apply a time-of-arrival location technique. In this work, we develop an LMA-emulator that uses lightning data recorded by LOFAR to simulate an LMA, and we use it to test three new styles of pulse windowing. We show that they produce very similar results as the more traditional LMA windowing, implying that LMA lightning mapping results are relatively independent of windowing technique. In addition, each LMA station has its GPS-conditioned clock. While the timing accuracy of GPS receivers has improved significantly over the years, they still significantly limit the timing measurements of the LMA. Recently, new time-of-arrival techniques have been introduced that can be used to self-calibrate systematic offsets between different receiving stations. Applying this calibration technique to a set of data with 32 ns uncertainty, observed by the Colorado LMA, improves the timing uncertainty to 19 ns. This technique is not limited to LMAs and could be used to help calibrate future multi-station lightning interferometers.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
C6  - 34435079
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000677816100021
DO  - DOI:10.1029/2020EA001523
UR  - https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/473740
ER  -