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000473740 041__ $$aEnglish
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000473740 1001_ $$00000-0001-5138-1235$$aHare, Brian M.$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000473740 245__ $$aTiming Calibration and Windowing Technique Comparison for Lightning Mapping Arrays
000473740 260__ $$aMalden, Mass.$$bAmerican Geophysical Union$$c2021
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000473740 520__ $$aSince their introduction 22 years ago, lightning mapping arrays (LMA) have played a central role in the investigation of lightning physics. Even in recent years with the proliferation of digital interferometers and the introduction of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope, LMAs still play an important role in lightning science. LMA networks use a simple windowing technique that records the highest pulse in either 80 μs or 10 μs fixed windows in order to apply a time-of-arrival location technique. In this work, we develop an LMA-emulator that uses lightning data recorded by LOFAR to simulate an LMA, and we use it to test three new styles of pulse windowing. We show that they produce very similar results as the more traditional LMA windowing, implying that LMA lightning mapping results are relatively independent of windowing technique. In addition, each LMA station has its GPS-conditioned clock. While the timing accuracy of GPS receivers has improved significantly over the years, they still significantly limit the timing measurements of the LMA. Recently, new time-of-arrival techniques have been introduced that can be used to self-calibrate systematic offsets between different receiving stations. Applying this calibration technique to a set of data with 32 ns uncertainty, observed by the Colorado LMA, improves the timing uncertainty to 19 ns. This technique is not limited to LMAs and could be used to help calibrate future multi-station lightning interferometers.
000473740 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-613$$a613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF4-613)$$cPOF4-613$$fPOF IV$$x0
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000473740 7001_ $$00000-0003-4444-6971$$aEdens, Harald$$b1
000473740 7001_ $$00000-0003-2963-1837$$aKrehbiel, Paul$$b2
000473740 7001_ $$00000-0003-1822-2851$$aRison, William$$b3$$eCorresponding author
000473740 7001_ $$aScholten, O.$$b4
000473740 7001_ $$aBuitink, S.$$b5
000473740 7001_ $$aCorstanje, A.$$b6
000473740 7001_ $$aFalcke, H.$$b7
000473740 7001_ $$aHörandel, J. R.$$b8
000473740 7001_ $$aHuege, Tim$$b9
000473740 7001_ $$aKrampah, G. K.$$b10
000473740 7001_ $$aMitra, P.$$b11
000473740 7001_ $$aMulrey, K.$$b12
000473740 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1083021$$aNelles, Anna$$b13$$udesy
000473740 7001_ $$00000-0002-6138-4808$$aPandya, Hershal$$b14
000473740 7001_ $$aRachen, J. P.$$b15
000473740 7001_ $$aThoudam, S.$$b16
000473740 7001_ $$aTrinh, T. N.$$b17
000473740 7001_ $$ater Veen, S.$$b18
000473740 7001_ $$00000-0002-5756-4304$$aWinchen, Tobias$$b19
000473740 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2807271-6$$a10.1029/2020EA001523$$gVol. 8, no. 7$$n7$$p2020EA001523$$tEarth and Space Science$$v8$$x2333-5084$$y2021
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