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@INPROCEEDINGS{Euchler:473237,
      author       = {Euchler, Eric and Bernhardt, Ricardo and Schneider, Konrad
                      and heinrich, gert and Tada, Toshio and Wießner, Sven and
                      Stommel, Markus and Wilde, Fabian and Schwartzkopf,
                      Matthias},
      title        = {{E}xperimental study on cavitation in rubber vulcanizates
                      subjected to constrained tensile deformation},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-05575},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally
                      cavitation in rubber vulcanizates subjected to constrained
                      tensile deformation. In fact, the formation and growth of
                      cavities are induced by multiaxial stress situations. In
                      practice, such strain constraints may occur at loaded tire
                      treads or in bearings and bumpers.Dedicated experimental
                      techniques were applied to investigate the mechanical
                      properties and cavitation behavior of unfilled and carbon
                      black (CB) reinforced styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR)
                      vulcanizates. By in situ dilatometry, the cavitation process
                      was characterized indirectly by an increase of the pancake
                      specimen´s volume due to the formation and growth of
                      cavities. Additionally, the evolution of the cavity
                      population was investigated by high-resolution X-ray
                      microtomography of different beam sources, i.e. tube-based
                      (µCT) and synchrotron radiation-based (SRµCT). The data
                      obtained by µCT measurements show that the cavitation onset
                      is an unstable fracture process that changes into a stable
                      growth of cavities to release the induced stress
                      concentrations. The results of SRµCT experiments have shown
                      that tiny satellite cavities may appear in the walls between
                      neighboring microscopic cavities in the case of CB
                      reinforced SBR vulcanizates. Thus, the reinforcing fillers
                      contribute to microstructural network constraints in
                      addition to geometrical constraints, i.e. the shape factor
                      of pancake specimens. The early stage of cavitation was
                      analyzed by in situ small-angle-X-ray scattering (SAXS)
                      experiments performed at the crack tip zone of stretched
                      planar specimens. The results suggest a high dependency of
                      the resistance against cavitation on the initial properties
                      of the rubber network, e.g. entanglements or crosslinking
                      distribution.In the literature, cavitation is often
                      attributed to interfacial failure between the soft rubber
                      matrix and rigid filler particles. However, the results of
                      this study show that cavitation can even be detected in
                      rubber vulcanizates free of fillers, such as carbon black,
                      and free of zinc oxide, which is usually added to activate
                      the sulfur vulcanization. This reveals that the cavitation
                      phenomenon is not exclusively triggered by the
                      rubber-filler-interactions. The experimentally obtained
                      results of the present study contribute to a better
                      understanding of the macroscopic stress-strain relation as a
                      consequence of rubber network changes under highly
                      constrained tensile loading. Next experiments will focus on
                      a precise description of the origin of cavities considering
                      the degree of rubber network heterogeneity and the
                      microstructural changes before micro-cavities appear. In the
                      future, experimental results will be used to enhance
                      constitutive theories and computational analysis.},
      month         = {Mar},
      date          = {2021-03-15},
      organization  = {91st GAMM Annual Meeting, Kassel
                       (Germany), 15 Mar 2021 - 19 Mar 2021},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / Hereon / FS-PETRA-D},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)Hereon-20210428 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-PETRA-D-20210408},
      pnm          = {6G3 - PETRA III (DESY) (POF4-6G3)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G3},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P03-20150101 / EXP:(DE-H253)P-P05-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/473237},
}